BurmaNet News: November 18, 1994

[strider@xxxxxxxxxxx]

************************** BurmaNet ************************** 
"Appropriate Information Technologies, Practical Strategies"
************************************************************** 
BurmaNet News: Friday, November 18, 1994
Issue #67

************************************************************** 
Contents:

1 BURMANET: LETTER--RE:"GERM WARFARE" ARTICLE ON NOVEMBER 17
2 BURMANET: LETTER--RE: INFORMATION ON NGOs IN THAILAND
3 SCB: BURMANET NEWS IS NOT SHOWING UP ON SOC.CULTURE.BURMA
4 BURMANET: PROBLEMS WITH S.C.B. AND A WARNING
5 BKK POST: JAPAN NOT GIVING BURMESE DISSIDENT REFUGEES STATUS
6 MDN: MINISTRY REFUSES ASYLUM FOR 11 MYANMARESE
7 NATION:  LETTERS--MORE SUFFERING?
8 NATION: BURMA'S DIPLOMATIC WINTER MAY BE LIFTING
9 NYT: U.S. TO ADOPT POLICY OF CONCILIATION WITH BURMESE
10 BKK POST: US PROMISES MORE SUPPORT FOR THAI MILITARY STUDENTS
11 BURMANET: BACKGROUND ON U.S. AID TO THAI MILITARY STUDENTS

ADVERTS:
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************************************************************** 
BURMANET: LETTER--RE:"GERM WARFARE" ARTICLE ON NOVEMBER 17
To: strider@xxxxxxxxxxx

To whom it may concern:

In the first article of November 17 issue of BurmaNet News, it
mentioned that the boxes of germs that SLORC dropped on a village
of the Karen was produced in Philadelphia.  I would like to know
who the manufacturer was of those boxes and who were involved in
the transportation of these boxes to Burma.  Were there any
Burmese brokers, etc., in the U. S. East Coast involved?  Any of
your suggestions will be greatly appreciated.

                                             Cordially,
                                             Grace Liu

Reply-To: "Wen Liu (GD 1998)" <neko7@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx> 

************************************************************** 
RE: INFORMATION ON NGOs IN THAILAND
To: Recipients of conference "reg.burma"
<reg.burma@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx>

At  8:13 PM 11/16/94 -0800, uneoo@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx wrote:

>Does anyone have addresses of NGOs and organizations within
Thailand currently working on Burmese women and girls issues? I
would appreciate if you send some information regarding this (if
preferred, private e-mails to be sent.)

I don't know about many NGOs per se, but I could give you the
names of some peole who are working in the area you mentioned in
your post.  I know a woman in Sanklhla buri, for example, who is
running a weaving project to keep women occupied and out of the
sex trade in Bangkok.  Burmese Relief Center, in Chiang Mai, is
doing good things for Shan refugees from Burma, I know a Thai
woman who adopts schools in Thai *border* villages.  (The kids
are technically Thai, but ethnically different and politically
ignored by the Thai gov't.)  There's a new group, called
Indigenous Women's Development Centre, working on women's issues
in the Chiang Mai area.  If you'd like addresses for any of
these, please let me know.  You might also contact Burmese Relief
Center-Japan directly (NBH03114@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx) for more
information.  Good luck in uyour search.



Cameron J. Beatty,                e-mail:  cameronb@xxxxxxxxxxx
Assistant Director                tel:  (801) 283-4021, Ext 650
International Center              fax: (801) 283-6879
Snow College                      home fax: (801) 283-4644
150 College Street
Ephraim, UT  84627

************************************************************** 
SCB: BURMANET NEWS IS NOT SHOWING UP ON SOC.CULTURE.BURMA
tun@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Nov 18, 1994

Subject: BurmaNet news is NOT showing up on s.c.b

Just want to let you know that BurmaNet News is not showing up
on s.c.b. I also notice that some of you post only to reg.burma.
That is not a problem since I resend them to s.c.b if strider's
box fail to send it there.

Mainly, I would appreciate if you also e-mail to s.c.b. Most of
us don't have access to reg.burma.

Ct

************************************************************** 
BURMANET: PROBLEMS WITH S.C.B.
November 18, 1994

There appears to be a technical glitch somewhere which prevents
the BurmaNet News from being propagated to all sites carrying
soc.culture.burma.  BurmaNet will try to determine where the
problem is and rectify it.  If your site is only carrying the
BurmaNet News intermittently, you can subscribe directly. 
Alternatively, you can check soc.culture.thai, which also carries
the News.

Finally, there have been a couple of instances of people
accidently sending personal messages to the entire
BurmaNet/reg.burma mailing list.  If you are a subscriber to the
BurmaNet News BE CAREFUL WITH THE "REPLY" FUNCTION OF YOUR MAIL
PROGRAM!  If you hit reply to a BurmaNet message, your reply will
go to all BurmaNet subscribers.  If that is your intention, no
problem.  However, if you are trying to send a private message to
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To send private messages to BurmaNet, write to:

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To send a message to 140 of your closest friends, use the reply
key to a BurmaNet message or send a note to:

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************************************************************** 
BKK POST: JAPAN NOT GIVING BURMESE DISSIDENT REFUGEES STATUS
November 18, 1994

Japan formally refused yesterday to grant refugees status to
11 Burmese dissidents, provoking an outcry by their lawyers
and human rights activists.

The justice ministry rejected the applications from the
dissidents because they did not apply for refugees status
within 60 days of their arrival in Japan.

"There are no cricumstances which warrant the application,"
the justice ministry said in a written notice to the Burmese.
Japanese lawyers helping the Burmese to get political asylum
said the 11 faced persecution by Burma's military junta if
they returned to their homeland.

"I can't believe the decision... It is nothing but a
declaration ostracising political dissidents," lawyer Shogo
Watanabe said.

"Today's decision reflected the government's intention not to
accept any more refugees," he said.

Sattar Kyawsoemoe, 29, whose application was one of those
rejected, said he was "sad and shocked".

"All the Burmese who applied for refugee status here we
political activists in Burma," he said.

He said he made his way to Japan in 1991 after campaigning
against his country's military rulers.

"They were refused refugee status? Then who else could be
accepted? said Makoto Lwai of Amnesty International.
He said Japan was guilty of "double standards" in sending its
troops overseas to help improve conditions in places like
Rwanda and Cambodia but ignoring the difficulties of people
who lived in fear of a military government.

The Burmese group would lodge protest with the government
calling for "reconsideration".

"There is no difference between me and them," said Win Naing,
35, who was granted political asylum in Japan in 1992.
Win Naing has been prominent in a campaign to release to
opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi, the 1991 Nobel Peace Prize
winner under house arrest in Rangoon since July 20,1989.
Earlier this month Japan said it was considering easing its
restrictions on economic ties with Burma in the light of
recent talks between the junta and Aung San Suu kyi.
However, it was unclear when any new Japanese aid would be
sent after assistance was virtually stopped following the 1988
military suppression of a pro-democracy uprising.
The United States and many European and other governments
froze ties with Burma in 1988 when troops suppressed the
uprising. (BP)

************************************************************** 
MDN: MINISTRY REFUSES ASYLUM FOR 11 MYANMARESE
November 18, 1994
Mainichi Daily News

The Justice Ministry refused Thursday to grant political asylum
to 11 Myanmar citizens who claim they would face persecution upon
return for having opposed the military junta there.

The ministry argued that the asylum seekers failed to file their
applications within 60 days after coming to Japan as required by
immigration laws and that exceptions cannot be accepted.

The group, which filed its application for refugee status in
December 1992, plans to file a protest with the justice minister,
urging a revision of the decision.

In its application the group said its members had been engaged in
the dissident movement against Myanmar's military, which launched
a coup in 1988, or had supported their country's democracy
movement from Japan.

The Asahi Shimbun reported in its Thursday evening edition that
the Yangon government retaliated by killing or detaining some of
the dissidents' relatives.

While renewing their passports at the Myanmar Embassy in Tokyo,
some group members were intimidated by officials hinting at their
dissident activities or were told that their family back home was
being interrogated by secret police, the daily said.

************************************************************** 
NATION:  LETTERS--MORE SUFFERING?
November 18, 1994

Yet another ceasefire in Burma has been pulled of by the
Rangoon junta, this time with a group in the Shan state. Let
us hope some political stability may ensue in that unfortunate
country.

However, I am at a loss to understand why, during the
ceasefire with the group called the Kachin Independence
Organizations, the Burma Army should increase its strength to
an incredibly high number (30,000 men) in the Kachin region
(Interested Observer, Nation, Sept 26), when under normal
practice there should be troop reductions on both sides. Is it
that the regime is unsure of Kachin sincerity i seeking peace
and development of their state? Or is the Burma Army still
determined to wipe out the armed resistance by military means.
Or why is the Kachin organization prevented from enlisting the
cooperation of its people to rebuild their state?
Hasn't Burma as a whole suffered enough? (TN)

************************************************************** 
NYT: U.S. TO ADOPT POLICY OF CONCILIATION WITH BURMESE
HLW)
By ELAINE SCIOLINO
c.1994 N.Y. Times News Service
November 17, 1994  

BANGKOK, Thailand  Judging the initial results to be ``somewhat
promising,'' the Clinton administration will take a conciliatory
approach toward the Burmese military junta in an effort to
encourage improvements in its human rights record, Secretary of
State Warren Christopher said on Thursday.

A recent high-level policy review recommended a strategy of
trying to engage rather than isolate the government of Myanmar,
formerly known as Burma, one of the most repressive in the world.

Earlier this month, Thomas C. Hubbard, a deputy assistant
secretary of state for Asia, met with Burmese military leaders in
the capital, Yangon, formerly Rangoon. He was the most senior
American official to meet with the military leadership since it
ousted a civilian government and crushed an uprising by democracy
campaigners in 1988.

Hubbard was not allowed to visit Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, the
detained Burmese opposition leader, during his visit to Myanmar.
But at a news conference here in neighboring Thailand, the last
stop of his 10-day swing through Asia, Christopher called
Hubbard's
mission ``somewhat promising.''

He noted that a Burmese military official had met twice with Ms.
Aung San Suu Kyi in recent months and that the Burmese
authorities
had told Hubbard they soon would allow the International
Committee
of the Red Cross to visit hospitals in the country.

The United States is concerned over the plight of Mrs. Aung San
Suu Kyi, who has been under house arrest since 1989 and who won
the
Nobel Peace Prize in 1991 for her efforts to promote democracy in
Myanmar. The military invalidated elections won by her party in
1990.

Winston Lord, the assistant secretary for East Asian and Pacific
Affairs, told a group of business leaders at a breakfast meeting
on
Thursday morning that there were some indications that Ms. Aung
San
Suu Kyi might be released, according to someone who attended the
breakfast.

It was not clear what those signals were. The Burmese military
has previously said that it will not free the opposition leader
unless she agrees to leave Myanmar, a step she has refused.
The more conciliatory American tone departs from the position
held as recently as July, when the State Department labeled the
Burmese military government ``one of the world's worst violators
of
human rights'' and called for more vigorous efforts ``to bring
pressure to bear upon the regime.''

The United States cut off all American aid to Myanmar in 1988,
but still maintains trade links and limited diplomatic ties with
the country.

Christopher said on Thursday that Hubbard's mission was ``a step
that gives us an opportunity to explore whether we should join
the
other nations in this region in trying to improve relations.''

Thailand and Southeast Asian partners already follow a policy of
``constructive engagement'' with the Burmese leadership in the
hope
of persuading them to become more friendly.

The administration's effort to reach out to Myanmar is
consistent with recent overtures to other authoritarian
governments, notably China, in the hope of modifying its behavior
and preserving the possibility of cooperation in other matters.
The

Clinton administration is mindful that an estimated 60 percent of
the heroin entering the United States is produced from opium
poppy
grown in Southeast Asia, most of it in Burma.

At his news conference, Christopher also said that he had told
Thai leaders on Thursday that he was disappointed that they had
rejected an American proposal to build a floating military depot
in
Southeast Asia and that he hoped they would eventually change
their
minds.

Because of the Thai decision, the United States scratched plans
this month to base a permanent flotilla of up to six supply ships
in Southeast Asia. Instead, the Joint Chiefs of Staff will
undertake a broad global review of where the United States should
permanently base tanks, artillery, and other support equipment
around the world.

When the United States first asked Thailand to anchor the ships,
the response was positive, and Christopher's visit was intended
in
part as a face-to-face expression of gratitude. But the plan was
attacked both within and without the coalition government as an
infringement of Thai sovereignty.

On Thursday, Prime Minister Likphai Chuan and Defense Minister
Asukmak Wichit told Christopher that they could not fulfill the
American request because of domestic opposition and because they
preferred to address such issues through the six-nation
Association
of Southeast Asian Nations.
************************************************************** 
NATION: BURMA'S DIPLOMATIC WINTER MAY BE LIFTING
November 18, 1994

A budding dialogue between Burma's ruling junta and Aung San
Suu Kyi may help end the deadlock paralysing the country's
foreign relations since the dissident leader was silenced more
than five years ago, diplomatic said.

Japan said recently it was reconsidering its ban economic
ties, and both Britain and the United States, leading critics
of the Burmese government, sent senior officials to Rangoon
this month.

"The general feeling is that, whether the pressure is from
inside or outside, things are changing," a Bangkok-based
diplomat who visited Rangoon this month told Reuters.
Another diplomat said Western businessmen, sensing a
relaxation of political tension, were anxious no to be left
behind by China and another Asian countries as Burma lurches
towards a market economy.

"The talks with Aung San Suu Kyi are a small sign that
something is happening, It is like the stirring of spring
after a long winter," the second diplomat said.

The United States and many European and other governments
froze ties with Burma in 1988 when troops suppressed a
democracy uprising, killing possibly thousands of people in
Rangoon and other cities and towns.

Suu Kyi, who father General Aung San was a national hero
Burma's independence from Britain in 1948, co-founded the
National League of Democracy (NLD) following the sup=1Fpression
of the nationwide protests.

The State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC), the
political arm of the armed forces, placed her under arrest in
her Rangoon home on July 20, 1989.

Despite her enforced silence, the NLD won a resounding victory
in a 1990 general election, and the following year Suu Kyi was
awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. She has also won a human rights
award from the European Parliament and from the International
Human Rights Law Group.

Suu Kyi met representatives from the junta at a military guest
house in Rangoon on September 20, the first meeting since she
was placed under house arrest. Burma's official media said
little about the talks except that they were cordial.
The second meeting on October 28, also at a military guest
house, lasted three hours and covered the current political
and economic situation in Burma, the state-run media said.
"I expect there will be more meetings at a working level after
the high profile start," said one diplomat, adding the
presence of armed forced inspectors at the second session
meant the whole of Slorc was behind the initiative.
Viewed from embassy chancelleries in Rangoon and Bangkok, the
junta appears to have grasped that economic and political
progress are interdependent.

Brigadier-General David Abel, minister for national planning
and economic development, astonished an audience of visiting
foreigners in Rangoon recently by freely admitting the
military had made serious mistakes in the past.
On October 29, 1988, the general gave up their ill-fated
experiment with home-brewed socialism and declared a free
market economy.

Japan, the regional economic superpower whose exports are
flooding southeast Asian markets, said November 4 it was
considering easing restrictions on economic ties with Burma in
light of the dialogue between Slorc and Suu Kyi.
Official development said aid from Tokyo had virtually dried
up since the 1988 military crackdown.

US Deputy Assistant Secretary of State Thomas Hubbard, who
made the first high level contact between Washington and Burma
since 1989, said on November 2 the United States would use
both carrots and sticks.

Burma must show it is serious about human rights,
democratisation and countering illegal narcotics before there
can by any talk of resuming aid, the US official said.
A UN special rapporteur on human rights, Japanese professor
Yozo Yokota, visited a railway construction site in southeast
Burma last week that critics say is being built with forced
labour.

In a report on Burma earlier this year, Yokota said he was
concerned by continued reports of forced porterage, forced
labour, forced relocation, arbitrary killings, beatings, rapes
and confiscation of property by army soldiers.

Britain, the former colonial power and a hardliner in
international condemnation of the Slorc, also relented this
month and sent in the first senior official for four years.
The three-day visit by David Dain, an assistant undersecretary
of state, was described as a step in the European Union's
policy of "critical dialogue."

"The emphasis is on both words," a British official told
Reuters. (TN)



************************************************************** 
BKK POST: U.S. PROMISES MORE SUPPORT FOR THAI MILITARY STUDENTS
November 18, 1994

THE United States will be continue to support Thai military
personnel through the International Military Education
Training (IMET) programme, US Secretary of State Warren
Christopher said yesterday. The US earlier this year
threatened to stop the aid following allegations by
congressmen of Thai military support for the Khmer Rouge.
Defence Minister Gen Vijit Sookmark said there was nothing to
be worried about as Mr Christopher had said clearly during a
meeting at the Defence Ministry "the assistance will continue
and this year, it might also be quicker than usual."

"There is no problem and nothing has changed," said Gen Vijit,
adding that the US Government now had a better understanding
of the Thai Government and the Thai military's stance over the
allegation. The IMET programme usually supports about 100 Thai
military personnel to train and study in the US.

"The Us government understands well our military role. Neither
the government has given its support to the Khmer Rouge," said
Gen Vijit. A political source said yesterday the issue was
already resolved when Prime Minister Chuan Leekpai met US
President Bill Clinton during a recent visit to the US.
"Our prime minister made it clear during the meeting with the
American president on Thailand's stance towards Cambodia,"
said the source. The premier told Mr Clinton that his
government fully supported Cambodian premiers Prince Rannaridh
and Hun Sen adding that there was no truth in the allegation
accusing the Thai military of still providing military support
to the outlowed Khmer Rouge.

Reuters adds: Mr Christopher warned yesterday that Burma's
junta would face increased isolation unless it moves towards
democracy. He also said that in talks with Burma's military
rulers earlier this month "we offered Burma two visions of the
future." The first would require a move towards democracy and
respect for human rights and would allow the country to
"rejoin the community of nations."

But he said if the regime continued to repress its people it
could look forward to a second road that would lead to
"isolation and the continuing impoverishment of their people."
Christopher said the talks with Burma are "quite narrow at
this point but it may provide and opening." He also expressed
hope the junta might free from house arrest pro-democracy
leader Aung San Suu Kyi.

Christopher said the US dialogue with Burma's military leaders
was "a step that gives us an opportunity to explore whether we
should join other nations of this region in trying to improve
relations.' He said the US-Burma talks "were somewhat
promising. Some modest steps were taken or promised. I don't
want to overstate them but they related to Aung San Suu Kyi
herself."

Christopher added: So generally speaking there were some
modest steps taken or promised and we came away from the
meeting encouraged enough at least to consider the process not
closed." (BP)

************************************************************** 
BURMANET: BACKGROUND ON I.M.E.T.
November 18, 1994

Like most articles on the subject, the preceding Bangkok Post
article on U.S. support for Thai military students misses part of
the story.  The part they are missing is the condition that the
U.S. State Department submit a report on "the Thai Government's
efforts to impede support for the Burmese democracy advocates,
exiles and refugees."  The initial report will be written by the
Embassy in Bangkok in December 1994 and the final report made in
Washington.  The report will be submitted to the House and Senate
Committees on Appropriation in February, 1995.

Unlike the requirement mandating that the President cut off aid
if the Thai military is seen to be supporting the Khmer Rouge,
there is no specific requirement that aid be cut off if the Thais
are restricting support to the refugees, exiles and activists. 
All that is mandated is that a report be drawn up.  What
Secretary Christopher is ignoring in the following story is that
there are members of Senate who may move to cut the aid if the
report is negative.  When the decision on I.M.E.T. is announced,
the Democrats will still be in control of the House and Senate
and it would take little to bottle up a program as small as
I.M.E.T.

Although not immediately relevant to I.M.E.T., the changeover in
the House and Senate to Republican control is not necessarily a
setback for Burma's pro-democracy activists.  Burma is one of the
few issues to draw bi-partisan support and one of critics of the
SLORC is none other than Senator Jesse Helms, the incoming
Chairman of the Senate Foreign Affairs Committee.  Helms is
virulently anti-communist and hence, anti-China.  Given SLORC's
close relationship and military ties with China, he is likely to
continue efforts to isolate the regime.  Helms is also known for
his distrust of Third-World governments in general and
particularly of providing foreign aid to them.  Although Thailand
has emerged from Third World status, Senator Helms is unlikely to
make such a distinction.

Here is the language of the I.M.E.T. restrictions:

H.R. 4426 by David Obey (Dem.--Wisconsin) 
Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs
Appropriations Act of 1995; Prisoner Transfer Act; NATO
Participation Act

Item 51: (27) International Military Education and Training.

For necessary expenses to carry out the provisions of section 541
of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, $25,500,000: Provided,
That up to $300,000 of the funds appropriated under this heading
may be made available for grant financed military education and
training for  any country whose annual per capita GNP exceeds
$2,349 on the condition that that country agrees to fund from its
own resources the transportation cost and living allowances of
its students: Provided further, That the civilian personnel for
whom military education and training may be provided under this
heading may also include members of national legislatures who are
responsible for the oversight and management of the military, and
may also include individuals who are not members of a government:
Provided further, That none of the funds appropriated under this
heading shall be available for Indonesia, Rwanda, and Zaire:
Provided further, That a report is to be submitted to the
Committees on Appropriations addressing how the proposed School
of the Americans IMET program for fiscal year 1995 will
contribute to the promotion of human rights, respect for civilian
authority and the rule of law, the establishment of legitimate
judicial mechanisms for the military, and achieving the goal of
right sizing military forces: Provided further, That none of the
funds appropriated under this heading or under the heading
"Military-to-Military Contact Program" may be made available for
Thailand or Algeria except through the regular notification
procedures of the Committees on Appropriations: Provided further,
That the Secretary of State shall submit, by February 1, 1995, a
report to the Committees on Appropriations on the Thai military's
support for the Khmer Rouge and the Thai Government's efforts to
impede support for Burmese democracy advocates, exiles, and
refugees.

ITEM 112: (30) SPECIAL AUTHORITIES

Sec. 547. (a) Funds appropriated in title II of this Act that are
made available for Haiti, Afghanistan, Lebanon, an d Cambodia,
and for victims of war, displaced children, displaced Burmese,
humanitarian assistance for Romania, and humanitarian assistance
for the peoples of Bosnia-Hercogovina, Croatia and Kosova, may be
made available notwithstanding any other provision of law:
Provided, That any such funds that are made available for
Cambodia shall be subjected to the provisions of section 531 (e)
of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 and section 906 of the
International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1985:
Provided further, That the President shall terminate assistance
to any country or organization that he determines is cooperating,
tactically or strategically, with the Khmer Rouge in their
military operations.


************************************************************** 
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************************************************************** 
BRC-J: BURMA'S REVOLUTION OF THE SPIRIT
<NBH03114@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx>
16 Nov 94 2200 JST

YOUR LIBRARY NEEDS THIS BOOK

In order to increase sales of the book and awareness about Burma,
please ask your local libraries and bookstores to order Burma's
Revolution of the Spirit.  Here's the info you'll need:

TITLE: Burma's Revolution of the Spirit: The Struggle for
Democratic Freedom and Dignity
AUTHORS: Alan Clements and Leslie Dean
PUBLISHER: Aperture foundation, Inc.
ADDRESS: 20 East 23rd Street, NY,NY 10010
COPYRIGHT: 1994
ISBN; 0-89381-580-2
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG NO: 94-70080
LIST PRICE; US$35


************************************************************** 
SUBREGIONAL ENERGY SECTOR STUDY FOR THE A.D.B. AVAILABLE
November 16, 1994

The Asian Development Bank will be bankrolling much of the
infrastructure development in Southeast Asia in the coming
decades.  A draft final report written by the consulting firm
hired by the bank lays out plans for an enormous variety of
energy related projects in the region, including hydropower plans
for the Salween River, natural-gas development in the Andaman Sea
and the pipelines to Thailand to carry the gas to market.  This
report also details proposed projects in Burma which are not yet
common knowledge, including large scale hydropower projects which
will flood vast areas.

BurmaNet will make copies of this report available at cost. 
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*****
Cover page
*****

    Promoting Subregional Cooperation Among

           Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar,
   Thailand, Viet Nam, and Yunnan Province of
           The People's Republic of China

     Subregional Energy Sectory Study for
           Asian Development Bank

            Draft Final Report

                 June 1994

This draft report is restricted and must not be reproduced or
quoted.

The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and
do not necessarily replect the views and policies of the Asian
Development Bank.

                            Norconsult
                            Norconsult International A.S.

*****
[One highlight from the report, from the section on pipe-line
systems, 3-32]

     CONSEQUENCES DURING CONSTRUCTION
     Pipelines will create a lineal impact along the route
     of the pipeline.  During the construction period the
     land immediately around the poipeline will be excavated
     and disrupted.  The pipe will normally be buried and
     the land will be returned to the same state as before
     the construction.  Where the pipeline is buried,
     excavation will increase the opportunity for greater
     environmental disturbance.  Slopes will need particular
     attention to avoid the pipeline being threatened by
     landslides or soil erosion which will jeoardise the
     pipeline's stability.

     Pipeline construction requires roads and railroads to
     transport material and equipment to the construction
     site.

[Editor's note: Total and Unocal deny that forced labor is being
used on the pipeline but do not deny that it is being used on the
construction of the nearby Ye-Tavoy railroad.  The companies do
however, deny any links between their pipeline and the railroad 
--Strider]



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