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KHRG #98-08 Part 3 of 6: Pa'an dist
- Subject: KHRG #98-08 Part 3 of 6: Pa'an dist
- From: khrg@xxxxxxxxx
- Date: Tue, 01 Dec 1998 02:49:00
Subject: KHRG #98-08 Part 3 of 6: Pa'an district
UNCERTAINTY, FEAR AND FLIGHT
The Current Human Rights Situation in Eastern Pa'an District
An Independent Report by the Karen Human Rights Group
November 18, 1998 / KHRG #98-08
*** PART 3 OF 6 - SEE OTHER POSTINGS FOR OTHER PARTS OF THIS REPORT ***
[Some details omitted or replaced by 'xxxx' for Internet distribution.]
__________________________________________________________________________
Detention and Torture
"When the Burmese soldiers came to the village they ate our animals
and forced us to pay their taxes. If we didn't give it to them, they came
to beat us and torture us. When they came the first time, they beat a
man in the village, tied his hands and his neck and cut his ears off. His
name was Kyaw Bu. They beat and tortured him together with Pa Par
Hlaing. Kyaw Bu is about 35 years old, and Pa Par Hlaing is about 30.
The Burmese came with a young boy who had joined them, and he said
that these two were Karen soldiers, but they weren't. They are Taw Oak
villagers. But they beat them, cut their ears off and tortured them in
many ways. They beat them with the wooden pins we use to harness the
bullocks to the yoke. They beat them in Taw Oak, then they took them
to Ker Ghaw and the village headman went to vouch for them and
secure their release. He had to give a guarantee for them and they also
had to pay 5,000 Kyats for each of them." - "Naw Sghee" (F, 25), Taw
Oak village, southern Pa'an district (Interview #16, 8/98)
Village elders are constantly faced with demands to provide porters, other
forced labourers, money, food and materials, and are supposed to regularly
report on KNLA movements in their area. Whenever an elder fails to
satisfy the SPDC in any of these roles he is usually beaten up or arrested,
detained and tortured, sometimes to death. In some parts of Pa'an district
the DKBA does the same to village elders who cannot meet their random
demands for money, food and materials.
Usually when beaten or arrested the troops accuse him of being in contact
with the KNLA, but the real reason is generally just a failure to comply
with their demands. However, in many cases there is no way the elder
could possibly meet their demands; many villages simply no longer have
the money or food to continue supplying the SPDC, DKBA and KNLA all
at once. Many SPDC units receive few or no rations anymore, and have
been ordered to take their food from the villagers; the DKBA long ago lost
the cash salaries they received from SLORC, and many of their units no
longer receive food either, while some of their officers only joined so
that
they could demand things from the villagers; and most KNLA units have
lost their supply lines and demand all their food from villagers. All of
this
is happening at a time when the lack of rains has caused a dismal rice crop
throughout the district. The inability to meet demands, particularly those
of the SPDC and DKBA, is now causing many village elders to flee their
villages in fear of arrest and ordinary villagers to flee in fear that
their
entire village will be punished.
"The Burmese stayed close to the village, and if the headman didn't go
to report the Burmese would arrest him and put him in prison. The
Burmese didn't really have a prison, it was a cell where they kept the
headman in stocks. One time the headman had to stay in that cell for 6
months." - "Pa Ler Wah" (M, 30), Kaw B'Naw village, Pa'an district
(Interview #33, 8/98)
"The Burmese tortured the village headman from Klay Po Kloh village,
his name is Po Ghay Wah. They put him in handcuffs and beat him,
and they interrogated him at the same time. They tortured him very
badly because they said that he was in contact with the KNLA soldiers.
? The Burmese beat him very badly. They held him captive for 10 days.
They covered his face and tied his hands behind his back and made him
follow them. He was bound during the nights as well. They didn't give
him enough rice. They gave him food only once a day." - "Saw Ghay
Htoo" (M), Wah Mi Klah village, northern Pa'an district (Interview #4,
9/98)
Many ordinary villagers are also arrested, detained and tortured on
suspicion of being in contact with the KNLA or related to KNLA or KNU
members. These suspicions are often unfounded and based on any random
accusation by another villager or by a DKBA or SPDC soldier who is
eager to impress his officer. Villagers arrested in this way can face
summary execution, indefinite periods of detention without formal charge
at army camps with forced labour and torture, or indefinite forced labour
as a frontline porter. Even after the troops realise that the villager or
elder
is innocent, they will generally not release them until a village headman
or
Buddhist monk 'vouches' for them, meaning he guarantees the prisoner's
innocence with his life, and an expensive bribe is paid. The families of
detained villagers usually have to borrow up to 20,000 or 30,000 Kyats
from relatives and other villagers to pay for the person's freedom, and
then
face years of debt trying to pay the money back.
"The name of the [DKBA] soldier who captured me was Neh Pa Htaw
from Battalion 999. He came with 20 other soldiers and they tied me up
with handcuffs and ropes. They tied me around the neck, feet and waist.
I was tied all over my body. They thought I was a member of the KNU.
I was the only one they captured, and they took me to Kway Sha. At
Kway Sha I was kept in a cattle pen with a thatch roof. I had to stay
there on top of the cattle dung. ? I had to stay in the lockup there and I
had to cut and remove stumps during the day, every day. At night time I
had to go back in my cell. They guarded me and forced me to work very
hard. Of course, there were some SPDC people among those who forced
me to work. I was forced to carry ammunition as a porter, and it
weighed more than 2 mer [32 kg / 69 pounds]. ? They didn't give me
enough rice to eat. They gave me food twice a day but the rice was not
good, it was old and had been eaten by insects." - "Saw Tee Kaw" (M),
Pah Klu village, southern Pa'an district, who was held prisoner for 3
months by DKBA and SPDC, though he is only a villager (Interview #17,
9/98)
"It wasn't long ago, no more than a month ago. ? They [SPDC troops]
beat me and Hsah Ku together. They hit me until my nose and ears
were bleeding. I couldn't hear for a long time. They beat me with
bamboo as big as this, until the bamboo broke. They also beat Hsah Ku
in the back one or two times. Then one of them called me to go out into
the forest so they could shoot me dead. They ordered a man to shoot me
dead, and he tied me up tightly and then made me sit on a paddy dyke.
The Burmese beat me a few times and kicked me off the paddy dyke - it
was very high, as high as your waist, and I fell and hurt my head on the
ground. Then they picked me up and slammed my head against the
ground again. ? Then they found 3 guns, and after they found them
they tied me up to a betelnut tree and beat me. They hit my head against
the tree until my head was bleeding, and then they set me free." - "Saw
Kaw Doh" (M, 19), villager from just outside Myaing Gyi Ngu describing
how SPDC troops tortured him while trying to find hidden KNLA guns;
this incident caused him to flee and join KNLA (Interview #31, 4/98)
"They made a pregnant woman from Po Ti Pwa village follow them.
She also carried her daughter on her back. They took her to Maw Po
Kay. They held her there for 17 or 18 days but they have released her
already. The Burmese saw her making alcohol and they took her to
follow them. I don't know what they did with her and I didn't ask her
about what they had done. We have to be afraid of them." - "Naw Paw
Htoo" (F, 45), Wah Mi Klah village, northern Pa'an district (Interview #4,
9/98)
"Then they told me, 'Mother, if you say to us that she is the wife of a
KNU, we will tie her up and force her to look for her husband.' I
whispered in my heart, 'Oh my God!'" - "Pi Hser Mo" (F, 50+), Pah Klu
village, southern Pa'an district, describing her interrogation by SPDC
troops about a friend of hers (Interview #19, 9/98)
__________________________________________________________________________
Looting and Extortion
"If we stay there we have no money to buy food. We had to find one
Kyat or two Kyats, then use it to buy food, but whenever they asked for
money we had to give it to them. The Burmese demanded money as
taxes. We'd earn money for food but then we couldn't buy any because
we had to give it all to them, 2,000 Kyat, 3,000 Kyat, sometimes 4,000 or
5,000 Kyat every month. If we couldn't pay them they threatened that
they would come to burn our houses, drive us out of the village or do
many other bad things." - "Naw Lah Say" (F, 25), Taw Oak village,
southern Pa'an district (Interview #12, 8/98)
In some areas, extortion of money, food and materials, particularly by
SPDC and DKBA troops, has become so intensive that it is causing people
to flee their villages. This is especially prevalent in southeastern Pa'an
district, in the area of Pah Klu. For some time now DKBA troops have
lost their material support from the SPDC and have been forced to live off
the villagers, and now SPDC troops throughout Burma are receiving
rations only sporadically, in some areas not at all. KNLA troops are also
living off the villagers at present. This has led to a general increase in
the
looting of villagers' rice, livestock and belongings, demands for money,
and forced labour on projects to grow food and make money for SPDC
Army units.
"The villagers who had to pay the taxes told me they had to give 400
Kyats to the KNU, 12,000 Kyats to the DKBA and 12,000 Kyats to the
Burmese." - "Pi Hser Mo" (F, 50+), Pah Klu village, southern Pa'an
district (Interview #19, 9/98)
"They asked me for money but I had no money because I was just a
farmer. I only had money sometimes when I hired myself out to work.
If I couldn't give them money they said they'd hit me and kill me. So I
had to borrow some money from another villager. If I couldn't find the
money, I had to go as a porter for them." - "Saw Tee Kaw" (M), Pah Klu
village, southern Pa'an district, describing extortion by SPDC troops
(Interview #17, 9/98)
In southeastern Pa'an district villagers are facing increasingly frequent
demands for porters, and must pay several thousand Kyats each time they
want to avoid going; they are so afraid of being used as human mine
detonators that they pay whenever they can. Now the SPDC in Pah Klu
area have told villagers in Taw Oak that each family will have to pay them
700 Kyats per month in extortion money, over and above fees to avoid
forced labour. Villagers in the area are also forced to provide bullock
carts
and teams for the SPDC troops, boats on occasion, rice and other food,
and SPDC patrols regularly take or kill their livestock at will with no
compensation. Whenever troops take or kill a valuable animal like a pig,
after they leave the villagers must gather money together to compensate
the animal's owner, and some cannot even afford to keep contributing to
this so they have had to flee their villages.
"The villagers have to suffer because there is nowhere they can go that's
safe. They have to give money anytime the village headman collects
money. Sometimes the DKBA or the Burmese come and eat the
villagers' pigs, and then the villagers must gather money to reimburse
the owners of the animals after the Burmese or DKBA leave the village.
The villagers must pay for anything that is eaten, but they cannot afford
to." - "Pi Wah K'Paw" (F, 60), Htee Wah Blaw village, southern Pa'an
district (Interview #20, 9/98)
"We couldn't stay in our village because of the Burmese and the Ko Per
Baw. Whenever they came to our village they forced us to go with them,
and if we didn't dare to go we had to give them money. If we didn't have
any money to give, we had to go. They asked for porter fees of 5,000
Kyats for one trip [to avoid going as a porter] and one trip is for 5 days.
Now they've started forcing us to pay 700 Kyats [per family] every
month. Our family can't pay that much every month, so we had to come
here." - "Naw Kler" (F, 21), Taw Oak village, southern Pa'an district
(Interview #10, 8/98)
"They ate the animals of the villagers and they drank when they were in
the villages. They often threatened the villagers with their guns. They
aimed their guns at the villagers and said, 'If you won't give me what I
am asking for, I will kill you.' I was carrying their bags at that time."
-
"Saw Tee Kaw" (M), Pah Klu village, southern Pa'an district, describing
what he saw SPDC troops doing while he was a porter (Interview #17,
9/98)
Earlier this year, the DKBA held a meeting in the area and stated that they
will build a new office in Myawaddy town, then ordered all villagers to cut
logs and do forced labour building the office or pay 3,000 Kyat per family.
All of these demands come at a time when villagers have already sold all
their belongings to pay previous demands and are suffering a bad year for
their rice crop because of the lack of rain early in the growing season.
At
the same time, they also continue to have to hand over rice to KNLA units
in the area. They are just not capable of supplying all sides at once. In
the
Pah Klu area, the last straw for many villagers has come in the last few
months. The KNLA hijacked a group of boats moving SPDC rations
upriver for the SPDC camp at Pah Klu. In retaliation, the SPDC unit
forced the villagers in the area to hand over what they said was the cash
equivalent for the full value of the rations. When a second shipment came,
the SPDC forced the villagers to carry the rations from the boats overland
to the Army camp without military escort, so the rations were hijacked by
the KNLA again. The SPDC has now demanded the full price of their
rations yet again, and the villagers simply cannot pay so many have fled.
"We can't dare stay in our village anymore. We couldn't stay because of
the taxes. Sometimes 2,000 Kyats, sometimes 4,000 Kyats. They kept
telling us that the KNU had taken their rice so they forced the villagers
to give money for their rice. We didn't know anything about it, but we
had to give this money whenever the village headman came to ask for
taxes. I couldn't pay anymore, so we couldn't dare to stay. We couldn't
plant our fields so we don't have any money." - "Saw Kweh" (M, 31),
Thay Maw Gu village, southern Pa'an district (Interview #9, 8/98)
"I do not know what to do now. I am tired because the Burmese order
me to go to them very often. We villagers have to pay money again for
the food that the KNLA soldiers have taken. I do not know how we can
do this." - letter from a village medic in southern Pa'an District who has
to
act as a liaison with the SPDC Army because the village headman already
fled and no one else will take the job
Further north in the Meh Lah Ah area of the Dawna Range where the
SPDC is destroying villages, people are used to staying clear of SPDC
troops, and the troops are more on the defensive militarily so they are not
as free to spend their time making extortion demands on the villages.
However, now that they are clearing the villages and destroying some of
them, they have looted everything they can find at once. Villagers who
have fled villages in this area say that the first act of the LID 44 troops
on
entering their villages in September was to shoot livestock and loot
everything they could find in the houses. In some cases soldiers even
stole
some of the roofing and the walls of people's houses to use at their camps,
then burned the remains of the houses. Villagers in this area had little
to
start with, and now they have nothing at all to go back to.
"When the Burmese came they ate our pigs and chickens. When I
complained they poked me with their gun and looked at me
threateningly. They shouted at me in Burmese. They took everything,
even the women's underwear. They took everything from me, there was
nothing left in my house. They said they would take the wood off my
house and build their camp on the hill." - "Pa Li Kloh" (M, 21), Tee
K'Haw village, northern Pa'an district (Interview #3, 9/98)
In the west of Pa'an district and in the north along the Salween River,
there
is less KNLA activity so the villagers do not have to supply the KNLA,
but they face more systematic looting and extortion by SPDC and DKBA
troops similar to that which is going on in the southeast of the district.
All
roads throughout the district have regular SPDC and DKBA checkpoints,
at which everyone passing has to pay. Between Kawkareik and the border
town of Myawaddy, the DKBA even runs its own passenger car service,
and passengers who pay to ride on their cars have to pay less at the
checkpoints. In central Pa'an district, even as villagers were being
forced
to work on the road network over the past 3 years they were also forced to
pay "road building fees" which were supposedly toward the cost of
building the roads. On the Salween River, a major new bridge was just
completed in early 1998 at Myaing Galay, just upriver from Pa'an. Every
family in all of Pa'an township had to pay "people's contribution" of 25
Kyats toward this bridge, much of which was most likely just taken as
profit by local authorities and military commanders. Now the SPDC has
started construction on a new bridge over the Gyaing River, and will likely
be demanding money from everyone in the region once again.
"My parents-in-law have a fish pond, and every time they catch their
fish they have to give some to the Burmese. The Burmese heard the
sound of the pump whenever we drained the water from the pond, and
then if we didn't send them some fish they started firing off their guns.
When they asked for our fish we had to give them all the biggest ones."
- "Naw Ghay Wah" (F, 31), Pay Yay village, western Pa'an district
(Interview #34, 9/98)
"We had to give money for the Khoh Loh Kloh [Salween River] bridge
at Myaing Galay [upriver from Pa'an] until it was finished last dry
season, but we didn't have to go to build it. I think they got a lot of
money for that bridge, because many families in many villages had to
pay for it. Every family had to give 25 Kyats for it, in every village in
Pa'an township." - "Pa Ler Wah" (M, 30), Kaw B'Naw village, Pa'an
district (Interview #33, 8/98)
"Division 22. They had a camp at Shwe Pyi Daun, near Ain Du. They
said they came to defend the village, but they stole things in the village.
They gave guns to people who they trusted, people who were bold and
dared to steal, then forced them to steal. They found these people in
other villages and then sent them to our village to steal. They hired
those people to steal for them. I don't know how much they had to pay
to hire a thief." - "Naw Ghay Wah" (F, 31), Pay Yay village, western
Pa'an district (Interview #34, 9/98)
Throughout Pa'an district, and particularly in the east, farmers are
already
struggling to survive and many are having to flee because they find that
they can no longer survive. If the looting and extortion, particularly by
the
SPDC and DKBA, continue at their current rate or increase, almost no one
will be able to survive there anymore.
__________________________________________________________________________
Forced Labour
"They forced the villagers to work very hard. They forced the old and
the young, the big and the small villagers to work for them. The
villagers had to work in the rain, in the sun and at night. If the DKBA
came they had to work for them, and if the Burmese came they had to
work for the Burmese. ? The villagers had to carry the rations and rice
of the Burmese and the DKBA whenever their rations came. The
villagers had to go to Kway Sha and Meh Pleh to get their rations. The
soldiers had a boat but they didn't use it, they used the people to carry
things instead. ? Similarly, they have a backhoe but they don't use it
for road construction. Instead they force the people to labour on the
road construction. So the villagers have to dig the mud with their bare
hands to build the roads. There were many women and children doing
road work." - "Saw Tee Kaw" (M), Pah Klu village, southern Pa'an
district (Interview #17, 9/98)
The locations and types of all the forced labour which is ongoing in Pa'an
district would be too numerous to mention here. In 1995 and 1996, the
most common forced labour in the region was road construction, building
and upgrading a network of roads from Kawkareik and Kyone Doh to
Nabu, Nabu to Bee T'Ka and Pain Kyone, Nabu to Pata, Nabu to Daw Lan
and Kyaw Ywa, Pain Kyone to Pa'an, Shwegun to Myaing Gyi Ngu and
others. Now many of these roads have reached some level of completion,
but they are only dirt and large parts of them are rebuilt by forced labour
each year after they are ruined by the rains. Villagers also have to do
forced labour clearing the scrub on the roadsides to minimise the chance
that the KNLA can mine or ambush the road, and standing sentry on the
roads by night. This provides constant shifts of forced labour for
villagers
throughout central Pa'an district, which they must do in addition to all
the
other kinds of forced labour.
"I saw. Many people were doing it. There were children, men, women
and old people. They were all building the road. They were clearing the
road, also carrying rocks and placing them alongside the road. They
were forced labourers. I saw it along the road from Pa'an to Myaing
Gyi Ngu, and also along the road from Myawaddy to Pa'an. Also in
Kawkareik, right in the town." - "Saw Ghay Htoo" (M, 20+), human
rights monitor who visited Myaing Gyi Ngu (Interview #30, 4/98)
"?people have to cut bamboo for them and then they sell it. They do
that in Klaw K'Dee. They also force people to build fences for them.
They force all the villagers who are near them to work for them. The
villagers have to do sentry duty along the road to protect the SPDC Army
from KNLA landmines and to prevent the road from being destroyed by
the KNLA. They will kill the villagers or force them all to move to other
places if any of their soldiers are hurt by landmines." - "Saw Po Htoo"
(M, 23), KNLA soldier in Meh Th'Wah township (Interview #23, 4/98)
As well as the roads, there are major projects which villagers have had to
do forced labour on, particularly the bridge across the Salween River at
Myaing Galay, which was completed earlier this year, and the current
bridge now being built across the Gyaing River. There are also smaller
scale projects on which the villagers are forced to work; for example, the
DKBA recently announced that they will build a new office in the border
town of Myawaddy, and that all villagers in the Pah Klu/Ker Ghaw area
will have to do forced labour building the office and supplying all the
building materials; any family that wants to be exempted must pay 3,000
Kyats. On all of these types of projects, as well as for military porters,
the
villagers must not only do the labour but must also pay "fees" which are
supposedly to cover material costs and hire labourers; however, the
labourers are never paid and the materials are often demanded from the
villagers, so the money is simply taken by the military and local
authorities. The villagers must also provide all their own food and tools.
"When they built the Salween bridge [a large bridge over the Salween
River at Myaing Galay, not far upriver from Pa'an], the villagers had to
go to dig earth and put it on the road to raise the road to the level of
the
bridge. The villagers had to walk there. Every house in the village had
to send one person three times a month. They went for two days at a
time and had to take along their own rice and other food. ? Villagers
who couldn't go had to hire someone to go for them for 1,500 Kyats.
They have no choice, they must go. Some villagers who only had small
children [none old enough to go for forced labour] had to leave their
farms and hire people to tend their farms for them so that they could go
themselves to do forced labour. It was cheaper to hire someone to tend
their farm than to hire someone to do forced labour in their place." -
"Naw Ghay Wah" (F, 31), Pay Yay vill., western Pa'an dist. (Interview
#34, 9/98)
"Both DKBA and the Burmese held the meeting. The DKBA said that
the villagers must come back and join together to help the DKBA to
build their office in Myawaddy. To build the DKBA office the villagers
must go to help them cut the logs and build the office, and anyone who
cannot go to help must give money. Nobody can get out of it. The
villagers who can't go must give 3,000 Kyats each. If we can't give that
money, the DKBA or the Burmese will come to capture us. I don't have
enough money to pay all these things, so I can't dare stay there. ? I
came to stay here over 10 days ago." - "Saw Kaw Ghay" (M, 31), villager
from Myawaddy township now internally displaced (Interview #6, 8/98)
Villagers throughout the district, and particularly in its eastern regions
and
the Dawna Range, must also do forced labour as servants for Army camps.
They are ordered to provide building materials and go to the camps on
rotating shifts to cut firewood, carry water, build barracks, bunkers,
fences
and trenches and act as messengers and guides. Usually the local Army
officer orders the village elders to provide certain numbers of people on
rotating shifts for this kind of labour, and the villagers must divide the
work among themselves. If they fail to comply, the village head is usually
detained and tortured, and their village may be labelled a 'KNU village'
and be forced to relocate or destroyed.
"Mostly they arrested people as they were coming into Kawkareik. They
arrested visitors to the town [to be porters]. They also forced the
villagers from Kawkareik to do forced labour for 7 days each month.
They still force the villagers to carry rice and water to their camp. They
force the villagers there to do all kinds of work, whatever they want them
to do. They have camps in Nabu, the Dawna [mountains], and many
other places. They force the villagers to do forced labour at their camps
for 7 days at a time. They force the villagers to go to the jungle for 7
days before they can return." - "Maung San Myint" (M, 45, Burman),
Sittaun town, Mon State, describing his time as a trishaw driver in
Kawkareik, Pa'an district (Interview #32, 8/98)
"They force them to work on a rubber plantation and to build fences.
Some have to go to plant rubber, some have to clear the roads, and some
have to go to help build houses for the wives and children of the
Burmese soldiers. The Burmese want to build houses for themselves, so
they order the villagers to go and take them bamboo, wood and bamboo
strips every day. That is Battalion #24, they're building the houses in
their Battalion camp at Do Yin Seik?" - "Pa Ler Wah" (M, 30), Kaw
B'Naw village, Pa'an district (Interview #33, 8/98)
In some areas, SPDC troops are now placing heavier demands for
materials on villagers and also taking their land and forcing them to farm
food for the Army, reportedly because their rations have been severely
reduced or cut and they have been ordered to get their food from the
villages. Villagers throughout the district already face severe
difficulties
feeding themselves due to all the demands placed on them and the bad
crop this year, so it will be very difficult for them if they are also
expected
to grow food for the Army. Most villagers try to hire others to go in
their
place for shifts of forced labour, but demands are so frequent that very
few
people can afford to continue doing this for long, and most villagers in
eastern Pa'an district have no money left whatsoever.
"One time I saw them order a village headman to give money for porter
fees, but they didn't give that money to the porters, they used it to buy
food for themselves instead. There was another time I saw the Burmese
at Sgaw Ko camp forcing the women and children from Kwih Lay and
Sgaw Ko to fetch water for them every day in hot season. The babies
were crying in the village but their mothers had no chance to give them
milk. The ox-carts and the bullocks had no time to take a rest in the
heat. Now they are demanding boats for their use." - "Saw Tee Kaw"
(M), Pah Klu village, southern Pa'an district (Interview #17, 9/98)
"Now they are still forcing the villagers to work [since they came to the
village 20 days ago]. The villagers have to work for 3 days each time.
We dare not stay close to the Burmese. ? If I had been caught I would
have had to be a porter." - "Pa Li Kloh" (M, 21), Tee K'Haw village,
northern Pa'an district (Interview #3, 9/98)
__________________________________________________________________________
- [END OF PART 3; SEE SUBSEQUENT POSTINGS FOR PARTS 4 THROUGH 6 OF THIS
REPORT] -