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Open Letter by the CPB
Please change to WinBurmese font.
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Oya'wGif;Oya'y±dS EdkifiHa&; tiftm;pkrsm;odk? wifjyonfh
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD. tdwfzGifhay;pm
&Jabmfrsm;=rdwfaqGrsm;=vkyfaz:udkifzufrsm;=jynfcspfyk*~dKvfrsm;cifAsm;=
wdkif;jynf. EdkifiHa&; tajctaeonf twif;rmqHk; tqifhodk?
t±Sdeft[kefjzifh wufvSrf;v#uf ±Sdaeygonf? Todk?aomrsufarSmuf tajctae
udk axmuf±+qifjcifum u|efawmfwdk? ygwD. tjrifESSSifhoabmxm;udk
yGifhyGifhvif;vif; wifjyygonf?
vGwfvyfa&;&_yD;onfh acwfwacwfvHk; EkdifiHa&; jzpfay:ajymif;vJr+
jzpfpOfudk aygif;±Hk;oHk; oyfjcif;jzifh TtjrifESifh oabmxm;udk
&±SdcJhjcif; jzpfyg onf? aygif;±kH;oHk;oyf &mwGifvnf; rdrdygwD.
tcef;u¾ tygt0if tjcm;aomygwD tzGJ? tpnf;rsm;. tcef;u¾udkyg
a0zefa&;=rdrdudk,fudk a0zef a&; vkyf[efjzifh oHk;oyfjcif; jzpfygonf?
tusOf;±Hk;_yD; wifjy& jcif; jzpfI r±Sif;vif;onfrsm; ±dSEdkifygonf?
oabmxm;csif; rudkufnDonf rsm;vnf; awG? Edkifygonf? awmif;qdkr+ ±dSygu
u|efawmfwdk? wwfEdkifor# ±Sif;vif;ygrnf? oabmxm;csif; udkufnD&efvnf;
}udK;pm;ygrnf? ("rsdK;qufa[mif;" rsm;[m jynfwGif;ppfudk rsdK;qufopf
odk? tarGtjzpf ray;cJhoifh? "rsdK;qufa[mif;" rsm;&Jh vufxufrSm
jynfwGif;ppfudk &yfpJatmifvkyf_yD; jynfwGif;_idrf;csrf;a&;
wnfaqmufcJhoifhygw,f? ) [laom ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD. ar#mfvifhcsufudk
vufawG? taumiftxnf az:Edkifa&;twGuf TtdwfzGifhay;pmudk ay; ydk?jcif;
jzpfygonf?
(1)
jynfwGif;ppf r±dSaom _idrf;csrf;aom Armjynf (21) &mpkwGif
jzpfay:rvm;/ rjzpfbl;vm; qdkaom ar;cGef;udk rsufarSmuf EdkifiHa&;
tajctaeay: wGif -unfh_yD; tajzay;&rnf jzpfygonf?
rsufarSmufEdkifiHa&; tajctaeum; "jynfwGif;_idrf;csrf;a&;"
ar#mfvifhcsuftwGuf tm;wufp&m raumif;vSyg? tm%m& ppftkyfpk. xdyf
wdkufawG?&ef Adkvfawmif; pdrfac:aeaom wif;rmonfh oabmxm;a-umifh
pdwfysufzG,f aumif;ae ygonf?
ppftkyfpku tb,fa-umifh Tr# wif;rmaeygoenf;? tajzudk vGwfvyfa&;
ESpf(50)ordkif; jyef-unfhv#if vG,fvG,fawG?Edkifygonf? "tm%m" udkrdrd
rSwyg; tjcm;rnfol?udkr# ray;vdkonfh "tm%mavmb" tvGeftrif;±Sd-uonfh
EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pkrsm; tpdk;& tm%m&aeI jzpfygonf? tm%mudk xdyg;rnfh
ol[lI olwdk?,lqv#if xdkEdkifiHa&; tiftm;pkrsm;udk trsdK;rsdK;
pGyfpGJ_yD; wdkufcdkuf-uygonf? ,QK (e0w) (etz) ppftkyfpk uawmh
"jzwfvrf;u tm%m&csifolrsm;"/"e,fcsJ?vufopfESifh vufa0cH
tvdkawmf&drsm;"/ "taemuf-oZm v$rf;rdk;Edkifa&; }udK;yrf;olrsm;"[k
pGyfpGJ_yD; wdkufcdkufaeygonf? olwdk?.vkyfenf;wckrSm twdkuftcHrsm;udk
axmifxJxnfh awmxJarmif;ydk?_yD; acsr+ef;-ujcif; jzpfygonf?
(zqyv) tpdk;&u "tESpf(40) tm%mwnf_rJ&rnf" [k aºuG;a-umfcJhzl;ygonf?
ygvDref'Drdkua&pDpepf usifhoHk;_yD;"a±G;aumufyGJ"jzifh tm
%m&,lonfhumvjzpfI av#mhav#mhayg?ayg? tESpf (40)[k owfrSwfcJhjcif;
jzpfygonf? (rqv) ppftkyfpkuawmh tm%mudk xm0&odrf;xm;&ef }udK;pm;ygonf?
(e0w=etz) ppftkyfpkusawmh "tem*wf" umvwckvHk; tm%mr¾dKif jzpfcsifygonf?
(e0w=etz)ppftkyfpkonf ,cifh,cif "tm%mavmb"orm;rsm; uJhodk?yif
"tm%mrme" ±dS-uygonf? ?if;wdk?u ydkonfrSm olwdk?acwf wGif
,ciftpdk;&rsm; rvkyfEdkifcJhonfudk olwdk?vkyfEdkifonf[k
xifa,mifrSm;aejcif; jzpfygonf? xdkodk? xifa,mifrSm;aeI rmewvlvl
wufae-uyg onf?
(2)
(e0w=etz) ppftkyfpkonf ppftkyfpk rsdK;qufopf jzpfygonf? olwdk?wGif
e,fcsJ?qef?usifa&; trsdK;om;a&; vuQ%mr±Sdyg? jynfolESifh eD;pyf onfh
tawG?t}uHKvnf; wpdk;wpdr# r±Sdyg? jynfwGif;ppftwGif;rS
aygufzGm;vm-uolrsm;om jzpf-uygonf? olwdk?onf rlv ppftkyfpk0ifrsm;
(ppftkyfpk rsdK;qufa[mif;rsm;) . -oZmatmufrSvnf; ±kef;xGufcsif-uygonf?
rlv ppftkyfpk0ifrsm; (ppftkyfpk rsdK;qufa[mif;rsm;) u vusfmqdk±S,fvpf
(wnf_rJ) zqyv. -oZmatmufrS ±kef;xGufum wpifaxmifcJh-uovdk olwdk?vnf;
wpifaxmif&ef pdwful;,Of ae-uygonf? acwfcsif; rwlawmhonfudkolwdk?
xnfhrwGuf-uyg? rlv ppftkyfpk0ifrsm;. acwfrSm ppfat;acwf jzpfygonf?
"qdk±S,fvpf" wHqdyfuyfum vufawG?u ppftkyfpk wygwDtm%m±Sifpepf
usifhoHk;aeonfudk taemuftkyfpku odygonf? odk?aomf vufcHtm;ay;cJhygonf?
"qdk±S,fvpf"trnfcHxm;aomfvnf; wu,hf qdk±S,fvpf wdkif;jynf rsm;udk
e,fcsJ?tvdkus qef?usifjyonfudkvnf; 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om axmufcHcJhygonf?
,QKacwfrSm xdkodk?r[kwfawmhyg? "'Drdkua&pD" pum;ajym_yD;
"aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;" vkyfaeygonf[k qdkumrS (e0w=etz)ppftkyfpkudk
taemuf tkyfpku "olwdk?vl" tjzpf vufrcHawmhyg? Tum;
ordkif;.oa&mfcsufyif jzpfygawmhonf?
(3)
'Drdkua&pD ±kyfodrf;cH&onfESifhtwl jynfwGif;ppf jzpfcJhygonf?
ArmjynfuGefjrLepf ygwDonf _idrf;csrf;pGm EdkifiHa&;vkyfaqmifcGifh
r&awmhonfh tqHk;wGif rvGJra±Smifom ckcHa&;ppf qifEGJcJh&ygonf?
aemiftcgwGif uGefjrLepfrsm; omrujynfol?&Jabmf rsm;vnf;
vufeufudkifwdkufyGJ wdkufcJh&yg awmhonf? wdkif;&if;om;
vlrsdK;pkrsm;vnf; xdken;f?if; jzpfcJhygonf?
Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwDonf jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&;/
jynfwGif;_idrf;csrf;a&; jyefvnfwnfaqmuf&ef/ 'Drdkua&pD tcGifhta&;rsm;
jyefvnf&±Sd&ef trsdK;om;aygif;pHk aoG;pnf;nD!Gwf&eftwGuf
aphpyfaqG;aEG;&ef t}udrf}udrf urf;vSrf;cJh zl;ygonf? tESpf "50"
twGif;wGif (e0w=etz) tpdk;& tyg t0if tpdk;&tqufqufudk
urf;vSrf;cJhygonf? odk?aomf ratmifjrifcJhyg?
wcguqdkv#if ygwDwGif;rS vlwcsdK?u ygwDudkqef?usifum "'Drdkua&pD ESifh
vufeufvJ&ef" yiftqdkjyKzl;ygonf? 'Drdkua&pDrSm ypPnf;wckr[kwf a-umif;/
vufeufESifh xnfcsif;vJI r&a-umif; olwdk?rodyg? olwdk?u "vufeufudkif
wdkufyGJ wdkufaevdk? 'Drdkua&pD r&wm"[k xifjrif,lqaeygonf?
,QKawmh ±Sif;avmufyg_yD? trsdK;om; 'Drdkua&pD tzGJ?csKyf (N-L-D)onf
vufeufudkif wdkufyGJo¿mefudk b,fwkef;ur# ra±G;cs,fcJhyg? ppftpdk;&
OD;pD;usif;yonfh a±G;aumufyGJ0ifcJhygonf? tjywftowf vnf;EdkifcJhygonf?
odk?aomf (8)ESpfausmfonftxd bmrSrjzpfcJhyg? 'Drdkua&pDESifh vnf;
-umav a0;av jzpfaeygonf? ,QKawmh (N-L-D) udk,fwdkifyifv#if "w&m;r0if"
ausnmcH&rvdk jzpfaeygonf? ausnmonfjzpfap rausnmonf jzpfap xl;awmhvnf;
rxl;yg? qdkif;bkwftjzKwfrcH&±kHwr,fom ±Sdaeaomtajctae jzpfaeyg_yD?
'Drdkua&pDum; vufeufjzifhvnf; vJr&? a±G;aumufyGJ Edkif±kHr#jzifhvnf;
r&? rnfonfh enf;jzifh &ygrnfenf;? 0dkif;0ef; pOf;pm;-u&ygrnf?
(N-L-D)onf tvGefpdwf±Snf cJhygayonf? (N-L-D) acgif;aqmifpk rdk?vnf;
pdwf±Snf Edkif-u[ef wlygonf? a±G;aumufyGJ Eddkif_yD; (8)ESpf-um onftxd
pdwf±Snf±Snf apmifhcJh-uonf? aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&; vkyf&ef t}udrf}udrf
ajymcJhonf? ppftkyfpkum; wif;rm_rJwif;rmv#uf?
(N-L-D) udk _zdKcGJ&eft}uHjzifh qifhpmay;um (N-L-D) rS
acgif;aqmifwOD;wavudk (wcgw&HtcsdK?udk) acgif;acgufum ac:awG?cJhonf?
,if;udk "aphpyfaqGaEG;a&;" .tp[kvnf; ppftkyfpkku ajymcJhonf?
jynfolrsm; zwf&jrif&onfum; "aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&;" r[kwf? txufpD;jzifh
qifhac:_yD; &mZoHay;jcif; jzpfaeonf? vma&muf "*g&0" jyKonf[k
rajym±kHwr,fyJ jzpfaeonf?
wef;wl&nfwl 'Drdkua&pD±Sd±Sd wu,fhaphpyfaqG;aEG;yGJ jzpfapzdk?om
u|efawmfwdk?vdkvm;ygonf? oufqdkif&m EdkifiHa&; tzGJ?tpnf;u rdrdbmom
vGwfvGwfvyfvyf a±G;cs,fcGifhESifh qHk;jzwfcGifh tjynfht0 ±Sd&rnf?
tusyfudkifr+ tvsOf;r±Sdap&? TonfrSm a±S?OD;vdktyfcsufjzpfonf? rlvnf;
jzpfonf?
tESpfom&a&m yHko¾mefyg wu,fhaphpyfaqG;aEG;a&;udkom jynfolwdk?u
awmifhwonf? xdkodk?aom aqG;aEG;yGJrsdK;jzifhom 'Drdkua&pD tppf
trSefudk &±SdEkdifayonf? Todk?aom awG?qHkaqG;aEG;yGJrsdK;
jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf wGef;aqmfonfqdkv#if rnfonfhyk*~dKvfu
wGef;aqmfonfjzpfap wdkif; jynftwGufjzpfI }udKqdk&ayrnf?
1988 ckESpfrwdkifrDu aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&;rSm ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDu
tpdk;&tm%mudk v$Jay;&ef awmif;jcif;r[kwf? tpdk;&ESifh yl;aygif;&efvnf;
r[kwf? wufºuGaom twdkuftcH ygwDw&yftjzpf &yfwnf&ef jzpfonf? ,QK
(N-L-D). aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&;rSm a±G;aumufyGJ&v'fudk av;pm;vdkuf em&ef
awmif;qdkjcif; jzpfonf? (Ttwdkif;vnf; jzpf&rnf?) xdk?a-umifh
ppftkyfpku aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&;udk ydkIoJ}uD;rJ}uD;qef?usifaejcif;
jzpfonf? zdtm; r±SdbJ rvG,fyg? zdtm;qdkonfrSm jynfwGif; zdtm;udk
ajymjcif;jzpfygonf? jynfyzdtm;rSm t"dur[kwfI t&mra&mufEdkifyg?
tvsOf;oifhI az:jy&v#if 'Drdkua&pDonf uGuf-um;'Drdkua&pD rjzpfoifh?
vlwef;pm; vl?tv$mtm;vHk;twGuf 'Drdkua&pD jzpf&efvdkonf? tvkyform;/
v,form;/ ausmif;om;/ _rdK?aeqif;&Jom;/ vlvwfwef;pm; ponfwdk?.
toif;tyif; (or*~)rsm; vGwfvyfpGm zGJ?pnf;cGifh ESifh qENxkwf az:cGifh
ponf ponfwdk?rSm tajccH'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;rsm; jzpfonf?
(4)
"qdk±S,fvpf"qdkif;bkwfwifxm;aom (rqv) ppftkyfpkudkawmh axmufcHcJh_yD;
"aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;" qdkif;bkwf atmufu (e0w=etz) ppf tkyfpkusrS
qef?usifaeonfh tar&duef e,fcsJ?tkyfpkudk ppftkyfpku em;rvnfEdkif?
tcH&vnf; cufaeonf? xdk?a-umifhyif ESpf(50) twGif; wufcJhor#
tpdk;&awGxJwGif "e,fcsJ?qef?usifa&;" pum;udk tajymqHk; tpdk;&
jzpfaeonf?
e,fcsJ?qef?usifa&;pum;udk ajym&rnfhtcsdef 1960 ckESpfausmfumvrsm;
AD,uferfppf w_cdrf;_cdrf;jzpfaepOfu wkwfwkwfr#rv+yfcJhaom ppftkyfpk
tEG,f0ifwdk?onf ,QKrS "e,fcsJ?qef?usifa&;" ajymrqHk;jzpfae-uonf?
a':atmifqef;pk-unfudk xdk;ESuf vdkIvnf; ydkIrsm;rsm; ajym-ujcif;
jzpfonf?
wbufrS vSnfh-unfhjyefv#if tar&duef e,fcsJ?tkyfpkonf ppfat;acwfvGefumv
tm±SEdkifiHa&;wGif Armjynf. 'Drdkua&pDa&; wdkufyGJudk toHk;csaejcif;
jzpfonf? 'kwd, urBmppfumvu zufqpf*syefrsm; "Armjynf
vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJ"udk jAKef;pm;}uD; toHk;csvmyHkrsdK;yif jzpfonf?
rnfodk?jzpfap 0g&ifhEdkifiHa&; acgif;aqmif}uD; wOD;jzpfol
AdkvfrSL;atmif ajymovdk "t!DS±Sdvdk? ,iftHk" jcif;om jzpfonf?
u|efawmfwdk?. oabmrSm Armjynfta&;ESifhywfoufonfh urBmhukvor*~.
qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk taumiftxnfaz:&ef jzpfonf? TqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;onf
usdK;a-umif; cdkifvHkaom qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; jzpfonf?
(5)
(e0w=etz)u 'dk?wm0efta&;oHk;yg; [lIaºuG;a-umfoH xkwfcJhygonf?
jzef?csdor# pmtkyfwdkif;wGifvnf; xnfhcdkif;ygonf?
odk?aomf olwdk?vkyfaeor#onf xdkta&;oHk;yg;ESifh qef?usifbuf&v'fudkom
aemufqHk;wGif &aprnf jzpfygonf?
xdkta&;oHk;yg;udk "wyfrawmf" (ppftkyfpku tydkifpD;xm;onfh
wyfrawmf)omv#if xrf;aqmifEdkifrnf/ "wyfrawmf"omv#if trmcH[k ajymygonf?
Armjynfaps;uGufudk rsufaphusaeol jynfyrS yk*~dKvftcsdK?uvnf;
xdktwdkif; oHa,mifvdkufygonf?
odk?aomfwdkif;jynf r_ydKuGJa&;twGuf trmcHqdkonfh "wyfrawmf"
bmjzpfae_yDenf;? rlvvufa[mif; ppftkyfpk0if Adkvfatmif}uD; tar&duef
xGuf_yD; ajymaompum;udk em;axmif-unfhv#if tjzpfrSefudk
rSef;qEdkifygonf?
b,foluv$wf_yD; bm&nff±G,fcsufESifh oGm;cJhonfqdkonfhudpPudk
u|efawmfwdk? acwWab;z,fxm;_yD; ol?pum;udk qef;ppf-unfhzdk? vdkygonf?
wdkif;jynf c|wf_cHKusae_yD/ wyfrawmf _ydKuGJae_yD[k owday;acgif;avmif;
xdk;az: &onfudkawmh todtrSwf jyK&ygrnf?
Adkvfatmif}uD;u vuf±Sd "wyfrawmf"udk ypfypfcgcgajymcJhaomfvnf;
ppftkyfpku rnfodk?r# wHk?jyefr+rjyKonfudkvnf; rSwfom;&ygrnf? bk&ifh
v#dK?0Suf wrefawmf. trSwftom; "a±$a,mif;r"ol?wGif ±SdaeyHk&ygonf?
ol.wifjycsufrSmvnf; Adkvfae0if;udk "tm%mukeftyf" &ef jzpfaeygonf? 1958
ckESpf (zqyv)ESpfjcrf;uGJpOf uolwdk? ujycJhonfhZmwfrsdK;
xyf_yD;uvdk[ef ±Sdygonf? Adkvfae0if;. 1967 ckESpf w±kwfqef?usifa&;
t"du±k%f; zefwD;r+a-umifh w±kwfjynfESifh tqifrajy jzpfaepOfumvuvnf;
Adkvfatmif}uD;u ol?udkw±kwfjynfodk?v$wfum ajyvnf&majyvnfa-umif;
ajymyg& ap[k Adkvfae0if;xH pmwifzl;ygonf? rv$wfjzpfyg? Adkvffae0if;
udk,fwdkif oGm;cJhygonf?
avmavmq,fwGif ppfwyfudk ta&;ay:tajctaetwGuf ppftkyfpku
toifhjyifxm;onfudk awG?ae&ygonf? 1988 ckESpf tm%modrf;yGJ twGuf
jyifqifyHkrsdK; jyifqif aeygonf?
=vlxktHkºuGr+ ay:vmv#if EdSrfESif;&ef
="_idrf;"tzGJ?qdkonfrsm;udk vdktyfv#if EdSrfESif;ypf&ef
=ppftm%m±Sif}uD; Adkvfae0if; aocJhaomf tarGvk&efwdk? jzpfEkdifygonf?
vufeuf}uD;rsm;udkyg jyifxm;ojzifh vlxktHkºuGr+udk EdSrfESif;&ef
oufoufr[kwfonfrSm xif±Sm;ygonf?
wdkif;jynfwpnf;wvHk;wnf;±Sda&;/ vlrsdL;aygif;pHk jynfolrsm;
wpnf;wvHk;wnf;±Sda&;twGuf u|efawmfwdk?ygwDu tpOfwpdkuf
}udK;yrf;cJhygonf? TonfrSm jynfcspf0g' pdwf"gwfyif jzpfygonf?
wyfrawmftwGif;wGif jynfcspf0g' pdwf"gwf±Sdoltrsm;tjym;±Sdygonf? 1988
ckESpfu rsdK;cspf&Jabmf a[mif;rsm;tjzpf v+yf±Sm;yg0ifvmonfrSm
cdkifrmonfh om"ujzpfygonf?
wdkif;jynf. "wyfrawmf" udk ae0if;ppftkyfpk. wvufudkif ppfwyftjzpf
yHkoGif;cHcJh&onfrSm -umyg_yD? zqyv= qdk±S,fvpftpdk;&vufxuf
cwfapmapmuwnf;u jzpfygonf? tjrifwdkaom/ tm%mavmb}uD;aom wnf_rJ (zqyv)u
ajrawmifajrSmuf ay;cJhygonf? 1958 ESifh 1962 tm %modrf;yGJrsm;
_yD;onfhaemufwGifum; ae0if;ppftkyfpk. wvufudkif ppfwyfppfppf
jzpfoGm;cJhonf? ,QKvnf; ae0if;ppftkyfpk. wvufudkifppfwyf jzpfae ygonf?
wvufudkiftjzpfrS wdkif;jynf. ppfwyfjzpfvmap&ef "wyfrawmf
jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;" udk tjrefvkyf&ygrnf? wyfrawmf. uH-urRmudk ae0if;
ppftkyfpk. uH-urRmESifh wxyfwnf;xm;jcif;jzifh wdkif;jynftwGuf
rnfonfhaumif;usdK;r# &rnfr[kwfyg? wdkif;jynf qif;&JcJh_yD;_yD?
,QKwdkif;jynf _ydKuGJa&; qDodk? OD;wnfae_yD jzpfonf?
"wyfrawmf jyKjyifajymif;vJJa&;" vkyf&ef ,QKtcsdefonf
tcgaumif;jzpfygonf?
wqufwnf; wifjyvdkonfrSm (rqv) ygwD. tarGcH (wpn) ygwDtaejzifh
pOf;pm;&efjzpfygonf? ppftkyfpku eef;wifay;vdrfhrnf[laom pdwful;,Ofr+
r±Sd&ef wifjyvdkygonf? OD;baqG=OD;ausmf_idrf;wdk?. "wnf_rJ" (zqyv)
onfvnf; Todk?aom pdwful;,Ofr+rsdK; ±Sdzl;ygonf? aemufqHk;wGif
Zmwfodrf;raumif;cJhyg? ae0if;ppftkyfpk. "jirf;zsufjcif;"udk cHoGm;&yg
onf?
(wpn) ygwDonf _idrfcsufom; aumif;vSygonf? wdwfwqdwf (Adkvfatmif}uD;)
vdk ygwDzsufodrf;vdkufovm; rodyg? wdkif;jynf r_ydKuGJa&; twGuf
"wyfrawmf jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;" vkyfief;wGif (wpn) ygwDtaejzifh
vkyfaqmifEdkifonfh tcef;±Sdonf[k xifygonf? acwfopftrsdK;om; wyfr
awmfw&yf ay:aygufa&;twGuf jynfcspf tiftm;pkrsm;onf 'kwd,urBmppf
rwdkifrDuwnf;u }udK;yrf;cJh-uygonf? 'kwd,urBmppf twGif;wGifrS pwif
taumiftxnf az:EdkifcJhygonf? jynfolvlxkonf trsdK;om; wyfrawmfw&yfudk
aoG;/ ac|;/ ZGJ/ vHk?vjzifh wnfaqmufcJhjcif; jzpfygonf? wdkif;jynft
wGuf wnfaqmufcJhaom wyfrawmfonf ,QKae0if; ppftkyfpk.
wvufudkifjzpfoGm;_yD; jynfoludk zdEdSyfay;&aomtcef;rS yg0ifae&onfrSm
&mZ0if ±dkif;vSyg_yD? wdkif;jynf _ydKuGJa&;yg jzpfoGm;ygu rnfodk?r#
cGifhrv$wfEdkifonfh &mZ0wfoifhonfhtrSm; jzpfoGm;ygvdrfhrnf? acwf_ydKif
EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pk rsm;vnf; wm0efrS vGwfuif;-urnf r[kwfyg?
"wyfrawmf jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;" udkvkyf&ef tcsdefraESmif;ao;[k
xifygonf? uGefjrLepfrsm;onf "acwfopftrsdK;om; wyfrawmf" ay:xGef;
a&;twGuf ,cifu wwyfwtm; yg0ifcJh-uzl;ygonf? ,QKvnf; "wyfrawmf
jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;" wGif wwyfwtm; yg0ifoGm;rnf jzpfygonf?
(6)
vuf±SdEdkifiHa&; tiftm;pkrsm;udk o±kyfcGJ-unfhygu tajccHtm;jzifh
oHk;rsdK;oHk;pm; ±dSonf[k xifygonf?
(u) Oya'wGif; w&m;0if tiftm;pkrsm;
(c) Oya'yrS vufeufudkif vufeufrudkif tiftm;pkrsm;
(*) Oya'wGif;wydkif; = Oya'ywydkif; vufeufudkif tiftm;pkrsm; [lI
jzpfygonf?
xyfcGJv#if cGJI&ygao;onf? wjynfvHk;qdkif&m tzGJ?tpnf;/ a'oqdkif&m
tzGJ?tpnf;/ vlrsdK;udktajccHaom tzGJ?tpnf;/ vlwef;pm;udk tajc cHaom
tzGJ?tpnf;/ vl?tv$m tajccHaom tzGJ?tpnf; ponfjzifh cGJEdkifygonf?
t"du wifjyvdkonfrSm TEdkifiHa&; tiftm;pkrsm;onf 'Drdkua&pD
&±Sda&;[laom bHk&nfrSef;csuf wckwnf;xm;±Sd&rnf jzpfaomfvnf; csD
wuf&mvrf;a-umif;ESifh EdkifiHa&;ajcvSrf;rsm;um; wxyfwnf;xm;I
rjzpfEdkifyg? vrf;toG,foG,frS csDwuf&ygrnf? TuJhodk? vrf;toG,foG,frS
csD wuf&jcif;rSm oufqdkif&m tzGJ?tpnf;rsm;wGif oD;jcm;OD;wnfcsuf
oD;jcm;tusdK;pD;yGm;rsm; ±Sdae-uIwa-umif;/ tajctaetcsuftvufjcif; rwl-u
Iwa-umif; jzpfygonf? bHk&nfrSef;csuf raysmufbJ yef;wdkifa&mufa&;om
y"me jzpfygonf? ajcvSrf;rsm;udkvnf; rdrdtajctaet& vSrf;&ygrnf? odkodk
odyfodyf vSrf;rvm; wdkufpnfwdkufarmif;ESuf_yD; csDwufrvm;qdkonfrSm
oufqdkif&mtiftm;pk. tajctae tcsuftvuft&om csrSwf&rnf jzpfyg onf?
tm;omcsuf/ tm;enf;csufqdkonfrSm tzGJ?tpnf;toD;oD;wGif ±Sd-urnfrSm
"rRwm jzpfygonf?
ta&;w}uD; wifjyvdkonfrSm vuf0J/ vusfm rcGJbJ 'Drdkua&pDa&;
yef;wdkifodk? csDwufa&; jzpfygonf? wlwmwGJvkyf rwlwmcGJvkyf-uv#if jzpf
ygonf?
Armjynfacwf_ydKif EdkifiHa&; tiftm;pkrsm;wGif udk,fpD&yfwnfcsuf/
tjrifESifhenf;emrsm; toD;oD;±Sd-uygonf? xdk&yfwnfcsuf/ tjrifESifh
enf;em rsm;udk tjyeftvSefvnf; odae-uygonf? rnfonfhtcsufwGifwl_yD;
rnfonfhae&mwGif uGJvGJaeonfudkvnf; od-uygonf? !dSv#if&Edkifrnfhtcsuf
!dSI r&Edkifaomtcsuf a&±Snf!dSrS &rnfhtcsuf ponfjzifhvnf; ±Sdygonf?
wlwmudk t"duxm;-uv#if tm;vHk;pkpnf; rdEdkifygonf?
ppftpdk;&qef?usifa&;tiftm;pkrsm; pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfrdrnfudk ppftkyfpku
ta-umufqHk; jzpfygonf? pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfrvmap&ef aoG;cGJay; ygonf?
pnf;vHk;nD!GwfrvmrD wckcsif; zdEdSyfacsr+ef;ypfvdkygonf? ,QK ?if;wdk?.
OD;wnf&efolrSm (N-L-D) jzpfygonf? (N-L-D) wGif;wGifvnf; xyfcGJ_yD;
acsr+ef;vdkygonf?
u|efawmfwdk?ygwDtaeESifh 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pktcsif;csif;
aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfapvdkygonf? _idrf;csrf;pGmuGJvGJcGifhESifh
_idrf;csrf;pGm,SOf_ydKifcGifhom u|efawmfwdk?ygwDu vdkvm;ygonf? "rwlwm
cGJvkyfzdk?"u|efawmfwdk?wifjyjcif;onf Toabmyif jzpfygonf?
uGefjrLepf0g' qef?usifa&; rajym&ef awmif;qdkjcif; r[kwfovdk
awmif;yefjcif;vnf; r[kwfyg?
"ppftpdk;&udk qef?usifwmrvkyfcif uGefjrLepfygwDudk t&ifqef?usif&r,f"
[k wcsdK?EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm; ajymonf[k od&ygonf? rwwf Edkifyg?
ppftkyfpkt}udKuf ppftkyfpktvdkus (ouf!Smavrvm;[k ar#mfudk;wm
vnf;ygcsifygrnf?) ajymaev#if wdkif;jynftwGuf jynfoltwGuf tusdK; r±Sdyg?
(7)
"wdkif;jynfr_ydKuGJa&; wdkif;jynfu,fwifa&;" udk u|efawmfwdk?
wifjycJhygonf? jynfye,fcs?J usL;ausmfr+a-umifh _ydKuGJrnf[kjrifI
wifjyjcif; r[kwfyg? Todk? ajAmifusL;ausmfaom acwfrsdK;r[kwfyg?
rdrdwdkif;jynf. twGif;ydkif;ta-umif;a-umifhom _ydKuGJrnf jzpfygonf?
Adkvfae0if;onf ppftkyfpkacgif;aqmiftjzpfudk apmapmydkif;uwnf;u
&±SdcJhol jzpfygonf? Adkvfatmif}uD;/ Adkvfarmifarmif polrsm;u Apdef/
xGef;tkyf *dk%f;om;tjzpf acsmifxJa&mufaeolAdkvfae0if;udkqGJxkwf_yD;
acgif;aqmifwifcJhygonf? (tar&duefwGif Adkvfatmif}uD;.
zGifh[0efcHcsufudk-unfh yg?) ol0efcHvmrS od&onfawmhr[kwfyg? tpuwnf;u
tm;vHk;od-uygonf?
ppf}uDd;_yD;I Armjynfqdk±S,fvpfygwD ay:vmaomtcg xdkygwDu
Adkvfae0if;ppftkyfpkudk wyfrawmf. tjrKawtjzpf toHk;cscJhygonf?
(47=48)u"zqyv uGefjrLepfnD!Gwfa&;" ratmifjrifjcif;ESifh
aemufydkif;wGif "jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&; jynfwGif;_idrf;csrf;a&;
jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;" ratmifjrifonfrSm ?if;wdk?tkyfpk. tcef;trsm;}uD;
ygygonf? twGif;a&;wGif yg0ifzl;olacgif;aqmifrsm; od-uygonf?
Adkvfae0if;onf ppftkyfpkwGif tajccdkifvmonfESifhw_ydKifeuf
qdk±S,fvpfygwDESifh vrf;cGJygonf? Adkvfarmifarmifwdk?wodkufudk
ppfwyfwGif;rS t_yD;tydkif ±Sif;ypfygonf? (Adkvfarmifarmifonf Armjynf.
"idk'if*sif;" jzpfvdkygonf? A&if*sDbmomodk? olul;ajymif;jcif;ESifh
aemufqHk; tar&duefodk? oGm;a&muf aexdkif;jcif;udk -unfhyg?)
Adkvfatmif}uD;onf Adkvfarmifarmifwdk? ESifh vrf;cGJum Adkvfae0if;ESifh
}uH&myg vkyfcJhonf? Adkvfarmifarmifwdk?u Adkvfatmif}uD;udk
opPmazguf[kajymygonf? Adkvfwifaz wdk?ESifh tqifrajyaom tcgwGifrS
Adkvfatmif}uD;udk Adkvfae0if;u ±Sif;xkwfygonf? xdkodk? ±Sif; xkwf_yD;
uwnf;u Adkvfae0if;onf _ydKifbufuif;onfh ppftm%m±Sif jzpfcJhygonf?
rnfol?udkr# r+p&mrvdkawmhonfh taetxm; jzpfygonf? Ttae txm;udk (rqv)
acwfwav#mufvHk; &±SdcJh±kHr#ru ,QKvnf;&±Sdxm; ygonf?
Adkvfatmif}uD;onf ,QKAdkvfarmifarmifESifh jyefaygif;ygonf?
Adkvfae0if;. tcef;udk tr$rf;wifygonf? (N-L-D)udk tykyfcsygonf? "wyfr
awmf jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;" tpm; "ppftkyfpk jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;" udk
wifjyaeygonf? *syefacwfu ZmwfrsdK; jyefvnfujyvdk[ef ±Sdygonf?
*syefacwfu Adkvfatmifqef;udk tHwk&ef Adkvfae0if;udkoHk;cJhovdk ,QKvnf;
(N-L-D)udk tHwk&ef Adkvfae0if;udk oHk;vdk[ef ±Sdygonf? tar&duefa&muf
Adkvfarmifarmif wdk?tiftm;pkrsm;udkvnf;aumif;/ tar&duefudkvnf;aumif;
odrf;oGif;vdkonfh oabmvnf; awG?&ygonf?
"ppftkyfpkjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;" udk Adkvfatmif}uD;u tavmw}uD;
vkyfvdkonfrSm (e0w=etz) wGif;wGif Adkvfae0if;vdk "tm;vHk;rD;aoonfh
ppfacgif;aqmif" r±SdbJjzpfaeojzifh vuf±Sd ppftkyfpk0iftm;vHk;uvnf;
t}uH}uD;ol tm%mavmb±Sdolrsm; jzpfae-uojzifh
pdk;&drfa-umifh-uaejcif;a-umifh jzpfygonf?
vuf±SdppftkyfpkxJwGif "igomtvm;tvmt±SdqHk;" [kxifae-uolrsm;/
"rif;avmif;rsm;"/ "qufcHrnfhol tavmif;tvsmrsm;" trsm; tjym;
±Sdaeygonf? r-umcifurS tjzKwfcHvdkuf&onfh ukaɺuG,f
'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;rsm;uvnf; tajctaeay;vmygu wpcef;xvmEdkifygonf? u|ef
awmfwdk? wdkif;jynf. pmwifxm;aom ordkif;wGif wdkif;jynf_ydKuGJr+ rsm;
}uHKcJh&zl;ygonf? _ydKuGJr+tm;vHk;onfvnff; ya'o&mZf
vlwef;pm;."rif;avmif;" rsm;a-umifh Todk?jzpfcJh&ygonf? ,QKrl
ppftkyfpktm%mydkif "rif;avmif;"rsm;a-umifh wdkif;jynf_ydKuGJEdkifonfh
tvm;tvm ±Sdaejyefonf?
,cifwdkif;jynf _ydKuGJcsdefrsm;u ±+yfaxG;onfhjzpfpOfrsm;±Sdjcif;/
ya'o&mZfeef;wGif;}udwf0dkif;rsm;jzifh tm%mvk-ujcif;/ rSwfwrf;rSwf&m
a&a& &m&mr±Sdjcif; ponfrsm;a-umifh w&m;cHtppf
±SmrawGEdkifjzpfcJhygonf? wjynfvHk;u|efjzpfcJh&onfh (1885)u
tjzpftysuffudkyif olwrsdK;igwzHk ajymae jiif;ae -u&ygao;onf?
,QK}uHKawG?Edkifonfh (rkcs}uHKawG?awmhrnf[k rqdkvdk)
wdkif;jynf_ydKuGJa&; tEW&m,f wGifum; ,cifuuJhodk? jzpfzG,f r±Sdyg?
rnfonfhEdkifiHa&;tiftm;pkonf (odk?r[kwf)rnfonfhEdkifiHa&;yk*~dKvffonf
rnfonfh&yfwnfr+ESifh rnfodk?v+yf±Sm;cJhonfqdkonfudk rsuf0g;xif xif
awG?ae& (awG?aeEdkif)I jzpfygonf? w&m;cH ±Sm&cufawmhrnf r[kwfyg?
wdkif;cspfjynfcspf tiftm;pktm;vHk; vuf0J=vufsmrcGJbJ/ uGefjrLepf/
qdk±S,fvpf/ jynfol?&Jabmf[lI *dk%f;*%rxm;bJ wdkif;jynfr_ydKuGJa&;
twGuf vufwGJvkyfaqmif-u&ef "wyfrawmfudk tcsdefrD jyKjyifajymif;vJ&ef
"u|efawmfwdk? wifjyygonf? "wyfrawmfudk wdkif;jynf.wyfrawmf/
wrsdK;om;vHk;.wyfrawmf/ 'Drdkua&pDusifhpOfudk
av;pm;vdkufemaomwyfrawmf" tjzpf jyKjyifajymif;vJEdkifygu
wdkif;jynf_ydKuGJrnfh tEW&m,fudk wm;qD;Edkifygrnf?
(8)
ed*Hk;csKyf wifjyygrnf?
'Drdkua&pDa&; atmifyGJ&ap&ef rnfonfhvrf;pOf csrSwf&rnf/
rnfodk?aomay:vpD ±Sd&rnf qdkonfhtcsufwGif (u|efawmfwdk?ygwD od±Sdor#
qdk v#if) tzGJ?tpnf;trsm;pkY }uD;rm;aom uGJvGJcsufrsm; r±Sd-uyg?
(N-L-D) rS vwfwavm xkwfjyefaom jynfoludk zdEdSyfcsKyfcs,faom Oya'rsm;
±kyfodrf;a&;udk v$wfawmfac:aomtcg wifjyrnfqdkonfudk u|efawmfwdk?
tm;&0rf;om axmufcHygonf? emrnfausmf yk'fr(5)'g%fudk jynfolrsm;ESifhtwl
u|efawmfwdk? uGefjrLepfrsm; cHcJh&onfrSm -um±SnfvSyg_yD? ygwDwckcsif;
-unfhv#if uGefjrLepfrsm; tcH&qHk; jzpfygonf? yk'f r(5) 'g%fudk
uGefjrLepff rsm;omru ,QKvlwdkif; cHae&yg_yD? (rav;±Sm;wGifvnf;
t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ? xm;cJhaom (I.S.A.)onf 'k0ef}uD;csKyf(a[mif;)
0ef}uD;csKyftavmif;tvsm[k owfrSwfcH&oludkyif csrf;omray;ovdk
yk'fr(5)onf 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;/ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;rsm;udkyif csrf;omay;rnf
r[kwfyg?)
TudpPwGif xyfrHwifjyvdkonfrSm qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;/ ay:vpDrsm;/
vrf;pOfrsm;udkcsrSwf&mwGif tjrif±Sif;olESifh oabmxm; jywfom;olrsm;
twGuf rcufcJvSyg? cufcJonfrSm vufawG?yif jzpfygonf?
qHk;jzwfcsuf/ ay:vpD/ vrf;pOfrsm;udk vufawG?jzpfvmap&ef
pnf;±kH;a&;jzifh taxmuftulay;&ygrnf//
u|efawmfwdk?ygwDonf 1989 ckESpf (ygwDwGif;rS cGJxGufonfh
ta&;tcif;jzpf_yD;aemuf)uwnf;u ajratmufygwDtjzpf &yfwnfv+yf±Sm;aeyg
onf? TonfrSm u|efawmfwdk?. taetxm;udk od±Sd&ef wifjyjcif; jzpfygonf?
'Drdkua&pD ta&;awmfyHktwGuf csrSwfonfh rSefuefaom
qHk;jzwfcsufrSefor#udk u|efawmfwdk?ygwDu ajratmufenf;emrsm;/
vkyf[efrsm;jzifh aqmif±Guf&ef oEMd@gef jyif;jyif;jyjy ±Sdygonf?
vkyfoifhvkyfxdkufonfrsm;udk tpGrf;ukef vkyfygrnf? wdkif;jynftwGuf
jynfoltwGuf ta&;}uHKaeonfh umvwGif 'Drdkua&pD v+yf±Sm;r+ twGif;±Sd
tiftm;pktm;vHk; aoG;ruGJ-ubJ vufwGJaqmif±GufoGm;&ef
E+d;aqmfvdkufyga-umif;? ?
awmfvSefa&; opPmjzifh
1998 ckESpf atmufwdkbm (1)&uf A[dkpnf;±kHa&; aumfrwD
1360 ckESpf oDwif;u|wfvqef; (11)&uf Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwD
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