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NLD Econimic report submitted to 19



Subject: NLD Econimic report submitted to 1997 May conference 

trsdK;om;'Drdkua7pDtzGJ hcsKyf
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	e0wtpkd;&onf aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pHepfukd taumiftxnfaz:
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ukefwkdufrsm;/ yk*~vdupuf&Hkrsm;zGifhvSpfay;jcif;rsdK;ukd 
wcrf;wem;a}unm
az:xkwfjyovsuf&Sdygonf// Oya'jyKjcif;/ 
tzGJhzGJhpnf;jcif;ukdvnf;jyKvkyfvsuf&Sdyg
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cg;pnf;
I cHpm;ae&ygonf// A[kdrScsKyfxdrf;aom pD;yGm;a&;pHepfrS aps;uGuf
pD;yGm;a&;pHepfokdh ajymi;fvJjcif;onf cufcJaomvkyfief;jzpfonf// av;
eufpGmcsdefqI a&ShaemufnDnGwfjyD; odyfonf;uspfvpfpGm 
ajymif;vJ&efpD;yGm;
a&;rl0g'rsm;ukd tcsdefrSD tcsufus taumiftxnfaz:ekdifrSomv#if vGefuJ
aomwufjcif;/ usjcif;/ azgif;yGjcif;rsm;ukd a&Smifekdifrnfjzpfygonf// 
trsm;
jynfolpm;okH;aom pm;okH;ukefrsm;. &efukefaps;eSkef;rsm;rSm tpkd;&udef;
*%ef;rsm;t& atmufygtwkdif; wuf&dyfjyygonf// 

vlokH;ukeftcsdKh.&efukefjrdKhvufvDaygufaps;rsm;
Z,m; (1)

ESpf	{nfhrxqef		ig;&Hh		trJ	0uf	
pm;ukef	taxGaxGpm;
	wjyDaps;		wyd\maps;	wyd\m	wyd\m	
aps;ESKefh;	okH;ukefaps;E_ef;
							(1986 = 100)

91-92	15  h05usyf		85  h31		91  h18	96  h49	340  
h60	301  h80
92-93	25  h74		104  h77		113  h43	106  
h57	416  h65	369  h09
93-94	41  h31		131  h25		155  h60	176  
h32	585  h28 	492  h99
94-95	30  h56		166  h56		185  h29	235  
h17	691  h90	603  h66
95-96	53  h31		203  h65		199  h49	261  
h55	856  h67	735  h51

n$ef; - A[kdpm&if;tif;tzGJh

	txufygZ,m; (1)onf ekdifiHtpkd;&. A[kdpm&if;tif;tzGJhrS w&m;0if
xkwfaom pm&if;Z,m;jzpfygonf// TtpD&ifcHpmwGif {nfhrxqef/ ig;&hH/ trJ
0uf/ pm;ukefaps;ESKH;pHESKH;ESihf 
taxGaxGukefaps;ESKH;pHESKef;rsm;ukdom TtpD&ifcH
pmukd zwf}um;od&Sdolrsm; tajctaeukdcefhrSef;ekdif&efaz:jyygonf// 
pm&if;
ti;ftzGJhrSxkwfjyefonfrSm pm;ukef (53)rsdK;yg&SdjyD;v#if okH;ukef 
(8)rdsK;ukd
uGufaumufenf;pHepfjzifh pm&if;tif;az:jyxm;jcif;jzpfygonf// aps;uGuf
xJwGif xkdXmerS0efxrf;rsm; ar;jref;pkHprf;&or#eSifh 
tpkd;&aps;&kH;rsm;ukd
tm;xm;I jyKpkxm;ojzifh jyifywGifpm;okH;aeaomaygufaps;rsm;ESihf jcm;
em;oifhoavmuf jcm;em;a}umif; vl}uD;rif;rsm;awGhrnf// okdhaomf TtpD
&ifcHpmwGif tusOf;csKyfaz:jyxm;csufrsm;ukd}unfhjcif;tm;jzifh 
ukefaps;ESKH;rsm;

r&yfrem;wufae}uonfrSm &Sif;vif;pGmay:vGifygonf//
	ukefaps;E_H;rsm;ta}umif;wifjyjyD;v#if tpkd;&A[dkpm&if;tzGJhrS
xkwfaomudef;*%mef;Z,m;wckukdwifjyI pm;okH;p&dwfajymif;vJykHukd 
atmufwGif
xyfrHwifjyygrnf//

Z,m; (2)
&efukefjrdKhae tdrfaxmifpkwpfck.vpOftdrfokH;p&dwf
1986ck/ 1989ck/ 1994ck/ 1996ck


			1986		1989		1994	
	1996

1// tdrfaxmifpkOD;a&		5  h78		5  h81		5  h64	
	5  h17
2// tdrfokH;p&dwfaygif;		996  h84	100	2026  h37	
100	5900  h96	100	10727  h15		100
3// tpm;taomufp&dwf
	pkpkaygif;		647  h39	64  h93	1375  h97	
67  h40	3959  h17	67  h79	6937  h43		64 h69
(u) qef			97  h61	9  h79	255  h21	12  h59	1059  
h53	19  h65	1656  h86		154  h5
(c) tpm;			106  h44	10  h68	107  h56	
5  h31	405  h1 	6  h87	656  h43		6  h12	
		
4// tjcm;p&dwfaygif;		349  h55	35  h07	650  h42	
32  h1	1941  h77	32  h91	3787  h72		35  h37
(u) xif;ESifhrD;		71  h5	7  h17	123  h56	6  h1	
388  h01	6  h58	554  h78		5  h17
(c) t0wfESifhjcHKxnf		51  h17	5  h14	80  h5	3  h97	166  
h71	2  h83	367  h22		3  h42
(*) tdrfvcESifhtdrfjyifc		30  h37	3  h05	42  h04	2  h07	
90  h19	1  h53	419  h5		3  h93

n$ef;- A[kdpm&if;tif;tzGJh

	&efukefjrdKhwGif tdrfoltdrfom; (6)a,mufcefh&Sdaom 
tdrfaxmifpkwpfpk
onf wpfvv#if 1986ckESpfu usyf 996-84jym; okH;cJhygonf// 1996 ckESpf
wGif wpfvv#if pm;p&dwf/ okH;p&dwf usyf 10726- 15jym;ukefa}umi;f
pm&if;tif;tzGJhrS az:jyxm;ygonf// q,fESpftwGif; q,fqwkd;ygonf// 
pm&if;rsm;ukd
uGufaumufykHpHjzifh 0ifaiGwef;pm;trsdK;rsdK;}udK;pm;Iukd,fpm;jyK&ef 
pm&if;tif;
ody`Henf;jzifh tpGrf;ukefjyKpkxm;jcif;jzpfygonf// okdhaomfqif;&J/ 
csrf;omqkdaom
vufawGhvlr_a&;jzpf&yf}uD;ukd/ usGefkyfwkdha7Smif&Sm;I ayghqpGmawG;ac:I
rjzpfekdifygojzifh/ wpfvv#ifokH;pGJ&efvkdtyfaom usyfaiG 10700d/- 
ausmfukd&Sm
azG&ef vlrsm;pk txl;ojzifht&if;r&Sdol/ vcpm;rsm;/ vufcpm;rsm;ESifh
vufvkyfvufpm;rsm;.b0rSm pm;0wfaea&;twGuf rdom;pkwkdif; yifyrf;
}uD;pGm ezl;rSacsG;oD;acsG;aygufrsm; tjrJusaernfjzpfa}umif;ukd 
jiif;I&rnf
r[kwfa}umif; tpD&ifcHtyfygonf//
	ukefaps;ESKH;wufjcif;/ tdrfaxmifpk pm;okH;p&dwf ravmufrijzpf
jcif;rSm jynfawmfompDrHudfef;ysufonfrSpI yxrOD;qkH; 
awGh}uHKcJh&ygonf// 
xkdygvDref'Drkdua&pDtpkd;&acwftwGif;u zqyvwnf;[lkaom wpfckwnf;aom
ekdifiHa&;ygwD}uD;u v$wfawmfukdv$rf;rkd;cJhaomfvnf;/ xkdtzGJh}uD;onf 
aps;E_H;*,uf
ukdcsufcsif;ukdifwG,f&ygonf// v$wfawmfESifh tpkd;&ukd zqyvygwD0ifrsm;u 
ygwDwGif;
Y a0zefaqG;aEG;jypfwifjcif;/ ynm&Sifrsm;u vrf;n$efoihfonfukd yGifhvif;
pGmaz:jyjcif;/ owif;pm*sme,frsm;u zqyv bwf*sufESifh (Civil 
Supplies Department) ac:Xmeukd ig;aowWm/ ekdhqDoGif;a&;
ay:vpDrStp a0zef}uonf// tpkd;&.oGif;ukef xkwfukefay:vpDrsm;ukd aqG;
aEG; a0zef}uonf// jynfholh&Jabmfrsm;/ yrnwtp&Sdaom twkduftcHygwDrsm;u
a0zefokH;oyfv_HHaqmf}uonf// wenf;tm;jzifhqkdaomf 'Drkdua&pDpHepfenf;
rsm;jzifh ukefaps;E_H;ukd 0kdif;0ef;xdrf;odrf;cGifh &&SdcJh}uonf// 
orkdif;wGifxkd
acwf.aumif;usdK;/ qkd;usdK;rsm;udkrSwfwrf;wifjyD;jzpfygonf// 
aocsmonfrSm
ukedfaps;ESKH;ESSifhpm;okH;pm;&dwfa}umifh 
ygvDref'Drkdua&pDwkdif;jynfysuf&onf[k
xkdacwforkdif;wGif armfuGef;xkd;xm;jcif;ukd awGh&rnfr[kwfyga}umif;//

tpkd;&.&-okH;aiGpm&if;

	ekdifiHjcm;aiGjzifh 0ifaiG&olrsm;u oGif;ukefrsm;0,f}uI
aps;wufjcif;/ ponfwkdha}umifhvnf; ukefaps;eKH;wufjcif;&Sdonf// 

ukefpnftvkduf
vkyfief;tvkduf txufygta}umif;rsdK;pkHa}umifh ukefaps;E_H;wufaomfvnf;
wufonfuwuf/ usonfuusESifh uGuf}um;oabm tjyeftvSefrsm;omjzpfekdifonf//
taxGaxGukefaps;/eKH;wckvkH;ukd jrifhwufvmapaomta}umif;ukd 
jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&;
pHepfwGif pr;fppf}unfhaomtcgY ekdifiHawmftpdk;&b¾ma&;/ &-okH;aiG
v_yf&Sm;jcif;onfom t"dujzpfygonf// ekdifiHtwGif;Yjzpfay:aeaom aiGa}u;
wefbkd;usjyD;v#if ukefaps;azgif;yGjcif;. tajccHta}umif;&if;jzpfaom
ekdifiHawmftpkd;&. &-okH;aiGpm&if;wGif 1987-88rS 1995-96 txd
ESpfpOfvkdaiGjyygonf//

Z,m; (3)
ekdifiHawmftpkd;&bwf*suf &-okH;aiGZ,m;tusOf; (usyfoef;)

tpkd;&u¾			1987-88		1992-93		
1993-94		1994-95		1995-96

ekdifiHawmftkyfcskKyfa&;,EW,m;	- 198  h5		- 7022  h9	
	- 7743  h6		- 15730  h4		- 26150  h4 
ekdifiHykdifpD;yGm;a7;tzGJhrsm;		- 3817  h6		- 5076 
h0		- 7779  h3   	- 13930  h4		- 23484  h0
zGHhjzsd;a&;aumfrwDrsm;		- 5  h4		+ 4  h0		+ 5  
h5		+ 8  h8		- 0  h7

ESpfpOfvkdaiG			4021  h6		12094  h9	
	15517  h4		25908  h5		49635  h1

n$ef; - A[kdpm&if;tif;tzGJh
	
	txufygZ,m;onf ekdifiHawmftpdk;&. &-okH;aiGacgif;pOf 
(3)rsdK;jzpf
aom tkyfcsKyfa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;ESifhzGHhjzdK;a&;aumfrwDrsm;ac:aom 
pnfyifom,m
a&;tzGJhrsm;. acgif;pOfwckcsif;vkdaiGESifhpkaygif;vkdaiGukd 
1987-88ESpfrS
1995-96txd az:jyygonf// tkyfcsKyfa&;okH;aiGrsm;onf 1987-88ESpf
u vkdaiGusyf 198  h5oef;jy&mY 1992-93ckESpfrSpI 95-96ckESpftxd
vkdaiGESpfpOfjyaea}umif; awGh&Sd&ygonf// 
ekdifiHykdifpD;yGm;a&;tzGJhrsm;onfvnf;
ESpfpOfESpfwkdif; 1987-88ESpfrStpjyKI ESpfpOf 1995-96ckESpftxd 
vkdaiGjy
aeygonf// ekdifiHawmf&-okH;aiGpm&if;wGif ESpfpOfvkdaiGjyaejcif;ESifh 
aiGa}u;
yrm%ESifhpm;okH;p&dwfESKef;rsm; wESpfxufwESpf w&dyf&dyfwufaea}umif;
atmufwGifaz:jyygonf//

Z,m; (4)
aiGa}u;yrm%ESifh pm;okH;p&dwfpHESKef;ajymif;ykH

ESpf	aiGa}u;yrm%	ESpfpOfwkd; %	taxGaxGpm;okH;p&dwfeKH;	
	ESpfpOfwkd;aom %
	(usyfoef;)				(1986 = 100)
91-92	52307		34  h40		301  h8			29  
h12
92-93	70428		366  h4		369  h99		
	22  h3
93-94	84381		19  h8		492  h99		
	33  h57
94-95	119061		41  h1		603  h66		
	22  h45
95-96	145329		22		775  h51		
	21  h84

n$ef; - A[kdpm&if;tif;tzGJh

	txufygZ,m;wGif 1991-92ckESpfu aiGa}u;yrm%onf usyfoef; 52307
&SdjyD;v#if 1995-96ckESpfwGif 145329oef;&Sdygonf// taxGaxGpm;okH;p&dwf
pHESKef;onfvnf; 1991-92ckESpfwGif 301  h80&Sd&mrS 1995-96ckESpfwGif 
775  h51
okdhododomomwkd;wufIvmyga}umif;//

ukefaps;eKH;azgif;yGjcif;ESifh ekdifiHjcm; &-okH;aiG

	jynfwGif;Y&kdufESdyfokH;pGJaom 
aiGa}u;rsm;.ukefaps;ESKH;azgif;yGap
aom t&Sdeft[kefukdowfenf;wenf;rSm vSnfhywfaeaomaiGrsm;ukd 
ekdifiHjcm;rSoGif;ukef
0,f&ef/ ekdifiHjcm;aiG0,fcGifhjyKjcif;onf/ jynfwGif;aiGa}u;yrm%ESifh 
ukefaps;E_H;azgif;yGjcif;
ukdxdef;aom enf;vrf;wvrf;jzpfygonf// ,aehjynfaxmifpk
twGif;Yjzpfay:aeaomaiGa}u;azgif;yGr_ukdav#mhusap&ef/ ekdifiHjcm;aiG
&HykHaiGyrm%.tajctaetrSefukd/ ryGifhrvif;/ r&Sif;aompm&if;Z,m;
rsm;a}umifh ekdifiHjcm;&-okH;aiGukdwGuf&ef&_yfaxG;I 
usGEkfyfwkdhwdusrSefuefpGmcefhrSef;I
r&ekdfifyga}umif;// okdhaomfatmufygZ,m;ukd}unfhv#if 
&HykHaiG.tajctaeudk
csifhcsdefekdif&efta}umif;&Sdygonf//

Z,m; (5)
ekdifiHjcm;ta&mif;-t0,fpm&if; (usyfoef;)

			87-88		92-93		93-94	
	94-95		95-96


ekdifiHjcm;ykdhukefwefbkd;		1655  h2		3504  
h7		4227  h8		5405  h2		4940
ekdifiHjcm;oGif;ukefwefbkd;		4065  h7		5092  
h2		7923  h3		8332  h3		9375  
h4

a&mif;0,fa&;[efcsufvkdaiG	2410  h5		1587  h5	
	3695  h5		2927  h1		3435  h4

	1987-88rS 1995-96txd ESpfwkdif;a&mif;0,fa7;[efcsufvkdaiG
jyaea}umif;awGh&ygonf// ,ckwifjyaeaom ukefaps;eKef;vGefuJpGmazgif;
yGaea}umif;rSm ynm&SdyDyD pifjrifhay:rSaeIa[majymykdhcsjcif;r[kwfyg
a}umif; vlwkdif;}udwfrSdwfxdef;odr;fcHpm;ae&aomtcsufukd 
ekdifiHawmftpdk;&/ 
A[kdpm&if;tif;tzGJhrSxkwfjyefaompm&if;;rsm;jzifh 
oufaoxlaejcif;jzpfygonf//
oufaoxlae&jcif;ta}umif;rSmvnf; jynfolrsm;u 
1990jynfhESpfygwDpkH'Drkdua&pD
a&G;aumufyGJ}uD;ukdjyKvkyfpOfu jynfolhukd,fpm;vS,frsm;tjzpf 
jynfolrsm;ua&G;cs,f
wm0efay;tyfcJhojzifh &kd;om;&Sif;vif;pGmaz:jyaeygonf// oufqkdif&mrsm;u
od&Sdowdxm;rd}u&ef &yfod/ &Gmodw&m;0ifaz:jyaejcif;jzpfygonf// 
trsdKom;'Drkd
ua&pDtzGJhcsKyfonf 
trsdK;om;pnf;vkH;nDnGwfa&;ukdxdckduf&efta}umif;t&mrsm;ukd
rsufajcrjywffavhvm&_jrif&efwm0ef&Sdonf// pD;yGm;a&;}uyfwnf;r_a}umifh 
qif;&J
csr;fomuGm[r_rsm; a&Shwef;okdha&mufum 
vlr_a&;ESifhekdifiHa&;jy\emrsm;jzpf
ay:vmekdifaomtajctaeukd 
wm0ef&Sdolrsm;a&Smif&Sm;ekdif&efaz:jyjcif;vnf;jzpfonf//

pD;yGm;a&;tEW&m,fukdajz&Sif;jcif;

tkyfcsKyfa&;p&dwf

	jy\emukdjrifaomolonf tajzukdvnf; rdrdoabmaygufovkdajymjy&ef 
wm0ef
&Sdonf[kusGefyfwkdh&kd;om;pGm,kH}unfI 
atmufygor&kd;usenf;rsm;ukdaz:jyygonf//
tusOf;csKyfajym&aomf0ifaiG (100)usyf&SdI (150)usyfokH;rdv#if 
tokH;ukdav#mh
&efESifh ta}uG;tjrefa}uvkdv#if 
&aiGudkfvnf;wkd;&ef}udK;pm;&rnfjzpfayonf// tpkd;&
 .&-okH;aiGpm&if;Z,m;rsm;wGif tpkd;&,EW,m;ESifhtpkd;&ykdif
pD;yGm;a&;tzGJhrsm;ESifh zGHHjzdK;a&;aumfrwDrsm;. 
ekdifiHawmf&-okH;aiGpm&if;
vkdaiGrsm;ukdjzwfawmuf&mwGif/ tkyfcsKyfa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;tzGJhESifh 
zGHhjzdK;a&;acgif;pOf
(3)rsdK;vkH;atmufwGif yumoe ta[moduHtokH;p&dwfrsm;/ Oyrm -  {nfhcH
p&dwf/ c&D;p&dwfrsm;av#mh&ef/ rokH;rjzpfokH;aiGrsm;ukdvnf; 
toufomqkH;enf;
rsm;jzifhom p&dwfpuav#mhcsjcif;/ Oyrm-  rD;&xm;pif;vkH;xuf trsm;jynfol
ESifhtwloGm;vmjcif;paom0efaqmifay;r_rsm;ukd oifhwifhor#aom aqmif&Guf
cGifhay;jcif;/ 
okH;ukefrsm;ukdxGufukefrsm;ESifhjynfolrsm;twGuf0efaqmifay;
r_rsm;omjzpfoifhjcif;// 
tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJhtpnf;rsm;.omrefokH;aiGrsm;
onf1987-88ckESpfwGif usyf5842  h5oef;&Sd&mrS 1994-95ckESpfwGif
27654oef;ESifh 1995-96ckESpfwGifusyf 33018  h3oef;txd (5)q/ (6)q
ckefIwufoGm;jcif;ukdav#mhjcif;/ okdhr[kwf/ 
tenf;qkH;&yfwefhjcif;ukdjyKvkyf&
rnfjzpfonf// zGhHjzdK;a&;tzGJhrsm;onfvnf; 
pDppfpGmokH;pGJ&rnfjzpfyga}umif;//

ekdifiHykdifpD;yGm;a7;tzGJhrsm;

	txufwGifaz:jycJhonfhtwkdif; 
tkyfcsKyfa&;eSifhpD;yGm;a&;tzGJhrsm;onf
ESpf&Snfvrsm;vkdaiGjyIjynfolrsm;cg;pnf;cHae&yga}umif;/ 
tpkd;&tkyfcsKyfa&;qkd
onfrSm r&SdrjzpfI p&dwfav#mhjcif;/ 
0ifaiGwkd;&SmazGjcif;wkdhukdtqkdjyK&ygonf// pD;
yGm;a7;tzGJhtpnf;rsm;rSmrl qkd&S,fvpfa&m*ga}umifh&&SdcJhaomya,m*rsm;
jzpfI tjrefqkH;vkH;0aysmufuG,foGm;&efuko&efom&Sdygonf// 
qkd;usdK;ESifhtusdK;r&Sd
ekdifa}umif; trsm;jynfolESifh&kd;om;aom0efxr;ftm;vkH;od&Sdygonf// 
tpkd;&
ykdifpD;yGm;a&;tzGJhrsm;ukdyk*~vduykdifjzpfapjcif;ESifh 
tvkyform;rsm;ygtusdK;&Sd&efaqmif
&Gufapjcif; tp&Sdonfwkdhukd wenf;r[kwfwenf;aqmif&Guf&rnfjzpfygonf// 

,ckacwf
wGif obm0ay;ekdifiHawmfpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; (Natural Monopolies) 
qkdonfrSmacwfukefjyDjzpfyga}umif;/ 
usGrf;usifr_qkdif&mzGJhpnf;v_yf&Sm;ykHESifh t&if;
tESD;rwnfaiGtxd yk*~vduykdifvkyfief;rsm;onf 
tpkd;&ykdfiftzGJhtpnf;rsm;ESifhjydKif
qkdfifItekdif,lekdifaom&mpkacwfjzpfygonf// 
wkdif;&if;om;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;tp
&Sdaomyk*~vduvkyfief;&Sifrsm;ukd vrf;zGifhay;&efomvkdyga}umif;/ 
usGEkyfwkdhtae
jzifh tpkd;&ykdifpD;yGm;a&;tzGJh[kqkdaomacgif;pOfukd 
tpkd;&.&aiG-vkdaiGpm&if;rS
azsmufzsuf7eftcsdefwefjyD[k tqkdjyKygonf// tvkyform;a&;&mESifh 
aiGyifaiG
&if;udpPrsm;rSm &ifqkdifukdifwG,f&rnfomjzpfygonf// 
rvkyf-r&_yfusifhpOf.ta}umif;
jycsufrsm;jzpf&efr&Sdyga}umif;//

ukefonfrsm;tcuftcJ 

	aiGa}u;azgif;yGjcif;qkdif&mtqdkwckrSm  J 
JaiGa}u;azgif;yGcsdefwGiftjrwf
tpGef;&&efaqmif&Gufwwfolrsm;onf aiGokH;IpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGifjyef
vnf&if;ESD;onf  J J [kqkdonf// ukefxkwfvkyfedkfifpGrf;tm;ESifh 
aiGa}u;yrm%wkdhonf r#w
&rnf// xkwfvkyfekdiftm;twGufvkdtyfaomaiGa}u;ESifhacs;aiGyrm%enf;v#if 
[efh
wm;jcif;jzpfwwfonf// xkwfvkyfEkdifpGr;fxuf 
aiGa}u;yrm%tenf;i,frsm;jcif;
onfvnf; qGJaqmifolt&SdefukdwGef;ay;ekdifonf// okdhaomforkdif;t&qkdv#if 
aiGa}u;
azgif;yGr_ESKef;wESpfv#if 10% atmufYomoifhawmfaomwGef;tm;ay;a}umif;
awGh&onf// wESpfv#ifav;-ig;q,f&mESKH;tp&Sdojzifh 
t&Sdeft[kefwufvmaomaiG
a}u;azgi;fyGr_jzpfcsdefumvrsm;wGif z,dkz&Jjzpfonf// 
,aehjrefrmhaiGa}u;azgif;
yGcsdefwGif aiG&Sifrsm;onf/ 0,f-a&mif;/ ekdifiHjcm;at;*sifhvkyfjcif;/ 
tdrf,m
wkdufwmrsm;a&mif;0,fjcif;/ 
ykdhaqmifa&;ESihf0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;ay:wGifom
qlvG,f-eyfvG,ftm&kHpkdufae}uonf// xkwfukefekdfifiHjcm;ykdhukefykdif;/ 
pufr_vufr_
ykdif;wGiftyifyef;cHI&if;ESD;jcif;jyKvkyfr_rsm;enf;jcif;onf 
a&&SnftusdK;ay;
r_tajctaer[kwfyga}umif;/ aiG&Sifa}u;&Sifrsm; 
rdrdwkdhykdifaomaiGrsm;ukd tusdK;
&Sdaomae&m/ 
wnfwnfjidrfjidrfjzifhtusdK;jyKrnfhae&mrsm;Y&if;ESD;jrKyfESH&efae&m
&Sm;yg;I ykdaiGrsm;ukdESpfpOfESpfwkdif; rokH;rpGJt&if;jyKwf&ykHukd 
atmufygZ,m;
ukd}unfhv#ifodekdifygonf// twkd;ESKef;rl0g'ukdvnf; 
aiGa}u;azgif;yGjcif;ukdxdef;&mY 
rnfuJhokdhokH;oifhonfukd tav;teufpOf;pm;&ygrnf// aiG&Sifa}u;&Sifrsm;/ 
txl;ojzifh
aiG&if;enf;olrsm;/ acsG;oD;acsGl;aygufusae}uygonf//

Z,m; (6)
ppfrSefaomtwkd;ESKef;ESifhpkaqmif;aiG (usyfoef;)

ESpf	taxGaxGpm;okH;ukef		qESKef;.		
tpkd;&ay;		ppfrSefaom		jynfolwkdh
	aps;ESKef; (1986 = 100)		ESpfpOfwkd;		
pkaqmif;aiG		twkd;ESKef;		pkaiG
				%		twkd;ESKef;
				(u)		(c)		
(c)ESifh(u)
								
jcm;em;csuf

91-92	301  h8			29  h12		
92-93	369  h09			22  h30		10	
	- 12  h3		19114
93-94	492  h99			33  h57		10	
	- 23  h5		25566
94-95	603  h66			22  h45		10	
	- 12  h4		37016
95-96	735  h51			21  h84		10	
	- 11  h7		56401


upm;aomaps;uGuf

	a&$aps;onfvnf; wusyfom;v#if 1991-92twGif; wpfum&ufukd
15799  h00usyf&SdjyD;v#if 1995-96ckESpfwGif ysrf;r#a}u;usyf 25819  
h0&Sdyg
onf// 1995ckESpfrwfvtwGif; wpfusyfom;v#ifusyf 23621rSpwifI 1995ckESpf
'DZifbmvwGifusyf 26050txd wESpfvkH;w&dyf&dyfwufcJhjyD;v#if 1996ckESpf 
Zefe0g&Dv
qef;csdefY usyf 26884txdwufum/ 1996ckESpfZGefvwGifusyf 
30122okdha&muf&SdjyD;
1996ckESpf'DZifbmvwGif wusyfom;v#if 
34802jzpfa}umif;udef;*%mef;rsm;&&Sdygonf// 
a&$aps;onfvnf; tuefhtowfr&Sdwufaea}umif;awGh&onf// ajraps;rsm;onfvnf;

aqmufvkyda&;aps;uGufrsufESm}uD;aejcif;EShifhaiGa}u;azgif;yGjcif;rsm;
a}umifhwufa}umif; (tqrwefwufa}umif;) trsm;odygonf// 
wefbkd;&Sda&$hajymif;
vG,faomypPnf;wckjzpfaom armfawmf,mOfrsm;onfvnf; aps;upm;zG,f&m
ukefypPnf;wckjzpfaejyD;/ aiGa}u;ESifh&if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_tajctaeonf 
uarmufur
jzpfaeonf// a&$aps;vnf;twnfjidrf/ 
ekdifiHjcm;aiGtjrJwef;odompGmv_yf&Sm;wuf
&dyfjyaeygonf// ypPnf;&Sdolrsm;ESihfypPnf;rJholrsm;/ jrefrmrsm;twGif; 
acsG;oD;acsG;ayguf
rsm;usaeygonf//

&-okH;aiGXme.pGrf;aqmifjcif;ukdwm;qD;jcif;

	ekdifiHawmf.pD;yGm;a7;rl0g'rsm;/ 
b¾ma&;0g'ESifhaiGa}u;0g'rsm;ukd
ekdifiHawmftpkd;&rSom tjyD;tykdifqkH;jzwfonf// 
okdhaomfygvDref'Drkdua&pDpD;yGm;a&;
pHepfwGif tpkd;&qkdonfukdv$wfawmfuuGyfuJonf// v$wfawmfYrJqEN&Sifrsm;/ 
jynfolrsm;
ygwDrsm;/ pme,fZif;rsm;uaz:jyowday;ESkd;aqmfvr;fjy}uonf// tpdk;&Xme
tcsif;csif;onfvnf; wOD;ESifhwOD;nSdESKdif;}u&mwGif 
tm;remwrf;nSdESKdi;f;vrf;jy
jcif;jyKvkyf}uonf// b¾ma&;&mwGif 
b¾ma&;0ef}uD;Xme&Sd&-okH;aiGbwf*sufXme
ukdA[kdb%furdwfbufjyKum b¾ma&;v_yf&Sm;jcif;ukd aiGa}u; 
u¾&_a'gifhrSokH;oyfI
nSdESdKif;um t}uHOm%fay;onf// A[kdpm&if;tif;ESifhpD;yGm;a&;XmerS 
pD;yGm;a&;ppfwrf;
xkwfIt}uHay;onf// nSdE_dif;zG,f&Sdonfwkdhukd 0ef}uD;tzGJhokdhwifI 
ekdifiHawmf
tpkd;&. b¾ma&;ESifhaiGa}u;ay:vpDrsm;ukdtaumiftxnfaz:}uonf// 'Drkdua&pD
enf;ususus,fus,fjyefhjyefh/ yGifhyGifhvif;vif; tcsdef,lI bufaygif;pkH/ 
ynm&Sifaygif;pkH
wkdhu0kdif;0ef;jyKpkaom tpkd;&.aiGa}u;ESihf b¾ma&;ay:vpDrsm;jzpfonf// 
aiG
a}u;rl0g'rsm;taumiftxnfaz:jcif;/ rl0g'rsmcsrSwfa&;qJG&mwGif A[kdb%f/
wuUokdvfESifhtjcm;ynm&Sifrsm;/ ukefonf}uD;-i,frsm;.toif;tzGJhrsm;/ 
tvkyform;
or*~rsm;rSukd,fpm;vS,frsm;/ owif;pm*sme,frsm; tp&SdonfwkdhrSyg0if
ekdif&efpDpOf&efvkdtyfygonf// pD;yGm;a&;&mukdxdef;a}umif;/ 
xdef;odrf;jcif;onf odrfarGh
ygonf// aygufuGJwwfygonf// pD;yGm;a&;zGHhjzdK;wkd;wufwnfjidrf&ef/ 
vGwfvyfpGmawG;ac:ykdif
cGifh/ a&;om;a0zeffajymqkdykdifcGifhrsm;ay;&onf//

jynfyekdifiHrsm;ESifhpD;yGm;a&;qufoG,fr_

usGEkfyfwkdh.vufpGJqkd&kd;w&yfukd ekdifiHwumpD;yGm;a&;qufqHa&;wGif 
,aehy,f
zsuf&ygrnf//  J Jukd,fxlukd,fx  J Jqkdonfukd  J J tusdK;wlvufwGJjcif; 
JJ J jzifhtpm;xkd;&ygrnf//
(Autarchic attitude) tjrifukd (Internationalism) jzifhtpm;xkd;&ygrnf// 
qkdvkdonfrSm tusdK;rJhyvl;jcif;r[kwfaom olhtusdK;/ 
ukd,fhtudsK;ESpfrsdK;vkH;jzpfxGef;ap
a&;jzpfonf// jrefrmekdifiHawmftpkd;&wck  J J txD;useftpkd;&0g' J J 
usifhokH;r_
a}umihfcHpm;cJh&onfukd tm;vkH;odjyD;jzpfonf// ,ckjyefI}unfhv#if  J J 
0efxrf;wOD;
onfekdifiHawmfudpPESifh &kH;wGifekdifiHjcm;om;ESifhawGh&dSdv#if 
tjcm;0efxrf;wOD;ukdyg
xkdawGhqkHyGJokdhac:xm;&rnf// xkdhjyif 
aqG;aEG;cJhaomta}umif;t&mrsm;ukd
yl;wJGygykHpHjzifhjznfhpGufI 0ef}uD;XmeokdhtpD&ifcH&rnf//  J 
JqkdonfrSmtHHh}op&mykHjyif
uJhokdhjzpf7ygonf// 
ekdifiHykdifpD;yGm;a&;tzGJhtpnf;}uD;rsm;Ywm0efxrf;cJholvl}uD;
ykdif;t[kwfvkyfcJhI wu,fjzpfcJhygonf// 
urBmukdxdwfvefhaomtusifhukdcsufcsif;azsmuf&
rnf// jrefrmukdjrefrmu,kH}unf&rnf//

ekdifiHjcm;okH;aiGESKef;xm;

	
jrefrmekdfifiHwGiftpkd;&owfrSwfxm;aomusyfESifhekdfifiHjcm;okH;aiGvJvS,
f
eKef;ESifh aps;uGufwGif;YjzpfvmaeaomESKef;xm;[kESpfrsdK;&Sdonf// 
tpkd;&ESkef;xm;ukd
tpkd;&Xmersm;ESifhtpdk;&udpPrsm;twGufom tokH;jyKavh&Sdygonf// 
jrefrmaiGjzifh

ekdifiHjcm;aiG0,f,l&mYxda&mufjcif;ukdcsifhcsdefvkdygu 
tpkd;&aps;ESKef;jzifh
0,f,laomekdifiHjcm;aiGa}u;aps;uGufESifhjynfwGif;ukefaps;eSkef;rsm;odod
omom
wkefv_yfoGm;onfukdawGhjcif;r&Sdyga}umif;/ pifjydKifaps;uGufwGif;Y 
ekdifiHjcm;aiG
a':vmt0,frsm;aomtcgrdsK;wGif aps;uGufwkefv_yfI tajctaeESKef;xm;ajymif;
vJoGm;jcif;ukdawGh&ygonf// 
jynfwGif;aps;uGufokdh0ifa&mufaeaomZdrfcHypPnf;
trSefwu,fvkdtyfaomaq;ypPnf;tp&Sdonfwkdhukdvnf; 
jyifyaps;ESkef;jzifh0,f,lI
aq;qkdif}uD;rsm;wGif}udwf}udwfwkd;a&mif;0,fv#uf&Sdygonf// 
aps;ESKef;ESpfrsdK;&Sdjcif;.
qkd;usdK;wckrSm w&m;0ifta&mif;t0,faps;uGufeSifhjyifyaps;uGuf[kaps;uGuf
ESpfrdsK;oD;jcm;/ jcm;em;ay:jcif;yifjzpfonf// tpkd;&aps;ESkef;eSifh 
t&yf
aps;ESKef;wkdhonfvnf; vGefuJpGmuGm[jyD;v#if oD;jcm;v_yf&Sm;ae}uygonf// 
Tonf
rSpIuGif;qufqkd;usdK;trsdk;rdsK;jzpfay:aeygonf// 
xkdha}umifhtpkd;&aps;ESKef;ESifh
trsm;vufcH&aomjyifyaps;jydKifaps;ESKef;ESpfrdsK;ukd 
oD;jcm;v_yf&Sm;jcif;/ 
uif;uGmjcif;uif;&ef/ nSd&efvkdtyfjyDjzpfyga}umif;/ nSdE_dif;onfqkd&mY 
usGEKfyfwkdh
taejzifh 
tpdk;&rStrdefhxkwfumwckwnf;ykHaoaps;ESKef;wckokdhcsufcsif;ajymif;
&efvkH;0rjyKoifha}umif;OD;pGmajym&ygonf// yxrOD;qkH;pOf;pm;&rnfrSm
jrefrmjynfrSwifykdhaeaom aumufyJoD;ESHrsm;.xGufESKef;onf 
aps;ESKef;qGJaqmif
r_.aemufokdhvkdufekdifpGrf;tm;enf;jcif;jzpfonf// 
vuf&Sdjrefrmhykdhukefrsm;onf
v,f,mxGufukefrsm;jzpfI wkefhjyeftm;enf;onf// tcsdef,lonf// 
oGif;ukefrsm;teuf
wGifvnf; vkdtyfaompufypPnf;rsm;/ tajccHr7Sdrjzpfaomaq;0g;rsm;tp&Sd
onfwkdhukd pOf;pm;&rnf// xkdha}umifh}um;jzwfumvwGif 
tpdk;&E_ef;ukdjyifaomfvnf;/
wqifhjyD;wqifhnSdoGm;&rnfjzpfonf// enf;trdsK;rsdK;&dSygonf// 
tcuftcJqkdonfrSm
&ifqkdifajz&Sif;&rnfjzpfonf// urBmuvnf;yefhykd;ygvdrfhrnf// 
tpkd;&tzGJhwckwnf;.
tusdK;ukdomtm&kHpkdufv#if ajz&Sif;&trsm;}uD;cufygrnf//

jynfyykdhukef

	jynfyykdhukef/ oGif;ukefESifhvkdaiGrsm;udk Z,m; 
(5)Yaz:jycJhjyD;jzpfygonf// 
xkdZ,m;ukd}unfhv#if 1988ckESpfrSpI ESpfpOfESpfwkdif; 1995-96cktxd 
oGif;ukefwef
bkd;onf a&mif;ukefwefbkd;xufrsm;aea}umif;awGh&onf// urBmhaps;uGufwGif
0ifIra&mekdif/ raESmekdifv#if (Terms of trade) ukefzvS,fESKef;tjrJwrf;
epfemv#uf&Sda}umif;/ tpkd;&xkwfudef;*%mef;rsm;uaz:jyaeygonf// e,fjcm;/ 
e,f
pyfta&mif;t0,fvkyf&mwGif trsdK;rdsK;zdESdyfjcif;cHae&a}umif;ukdvnf; 
ukefonfwkdif;
odygonf// xkdha}umifhvlOD;a&ay:vpD/ o,HZmway:vpD/ &moDOwkay:vpD/ 
ywf0ef;
usifay:vpD/ pkdufysdK;a7;ay:vpD/ o,f,lykdhaqmifa&;ay:vpD/ pufr_ay:vpD/ 
ynma&;
ay:vpDtp&SdonfwkhdwGif 
ekdifiHjcm;ykdhukeftxda&mufqkH;ykdhekdifaompDrHcsufonf/ 
trsdK;om;ay:vpD (Policy package) wGifyg&Sd&ygrnf// 
ekdifiHjcm;ykdhukefay:vpD
onf ay:vpD (package) wGifyg0if&kHr#ru (prime mover and the key of
the package for economic development) yif&if;yifrjzpf&ygrnf// jynf
wGif;aps;uGufonfusOf;ajrmif;onf/ aES;auG;onf/ qif;&Jonf/ 
oGufvufxufjruf
pGmcsrf;om&efrSm ekdifiHwumaps;uGufwGifxda&mufpGm0if&efvkdygonf// 
vufa0cH
b0rStjrefqkH;uif;vGwfvkdv#if a&mif;}u/ 0,f}u&ygrnf// 
pufr_usGrf;usifolvkyfief;
qkdif&moD;jcm;pGrf;&nf/ tjcm;ekdifiHjcm;rSukef}urf;rsm;/ 
r&Sdrjzpfukefrsm;ESifh ekdifiHjcm;aiG
rsm;ukdxda&mufpGm&SmazGrS/ ekdifiHjcm;jynfyaps;uGufwGifxda&mufpGm
yg0ifekdifrSomv#if atmufusaemufusekdifiHb0rSvGwfajrmufrnf// wzufowf
rsufESmvkyfI/ yvl;yvJb0rStjrefqkH;xGufekdifrnf//


ekdifiHwumtzGJhrsm;

	urBmESifhqufoG,f&mY ekdifiHwumaiGa}u;tzGJh/ urBmhb%f/ 
tvkyform;tzGJh
csKyf/ tjynfjynfqkdfif&mtzGJhtpnf;rsm;/ 
tpkd;&r[kwfaomtzGJhtpnf;rsm;ESifh
o[Zmwjzpf&efqufoG,fI vGwfvyfaom'Drkdua&pDpD;yGm;a&;pHepfokdhul;ajymif;
&mwGif v,f,mpkdufysdK;a&;/ pufr_vufr_vkyfief;}uD;i,f/ vlr_a&;/ 
usrf;rma&;tp
&Sdaom rsufESmpmwkdif;wGif usGr;fusifr_qkdfif&m/ 
aiGa}u;t&if;tESD;qkdffif7m wkdifyif
nSdESKdif;qufqHjcif;/ ay;jcif;/ ,ljcif;jyKvkyd&rnf// 
p&dwfavsmhenf;jcif;ESifh
t&nftaoG;aumif;rGefaomukefrsm;ukdE_dif;,SOfp&dwftm;omekdifr_&Sd&efESif
h
ukefacsmxkwfvkyfa&;rsm;ukd&SmazG&rnf// txufygwkdhonf (stabalization) 
pD;yGm;a&;wnfjidrfr_ESifh aiGa}u;azgif;yGr_xdef;&eftwGuf 
wifjyjcif;jzpfygonf// 

ppfwrf;ed*kH;

	trsdK;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJhcsKytzJGh0ifrsm;onf/ 
rdrdwkdh.vGwfvyfaomwOD;csif;
qENtavsmufzJGhjyD;v#if/  wOD;csif;/ vGwfvyfpGmyif&yfwnfv#uf&Sdygonf// 
rdrd
qENESifhrdrd&yfwnfaeolrsm;jzpfaomfvnf;/ 1990jynfhESpfarv(2&)&ufaehwGif
tzGJhcsKyf.vufawGhvkyf&yfrsm;/ wm0ef,ljcif;rsm;ESifh 
pmxuftuQ&mwifcJhaom
a&G;aumufyJGa}unmpmwrf;yguwdrsm;ukd rJqEN&Sifjynfolrsm;uvufcHI 
jynfolhh
ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;tjzpf a&G;cs,fwm0efay;cJhygonf// xkdwm0efukd 
,aehxufwkdif
usGEkfyfwkdhxrf;aqmifaeqJjzpfonf// 
jrdKhe,fwkdif;wGif&SdaomrJqEN&Sifrsm;u ,aehxufwkdif 
a&G;cs,fcJhaomjynfolhukd,fpm;vS,frsm;udk 
wm0efrS&yfqkdif;jcif;rjyKao;yga}umif;//
	trsK;dom;'Drkdua&pDtzGJhcsKyfonf 
jynfolhukd,fpm;jyKtzGJhjzpfonhftm;avsmfpGm
pD;yGm;a&;tygt0if&_a'gifhaygi;fpkHrSjynfolwkdh.cHpm;csuf/ 
epfemcsufrsm;ukd tpkd;&/
jynfoljynfom;ESifhurBmuygod&SdjyKjyifekdif7ef/ ,ckwifjyonfhpD;yGm;a&;
wifjycsufukd tusOf;csKyfygonf// 
tpkd;&udef;*%ef;rsm;ukdaz:jyxm;onfhtwkdif;
pHepfwus tao;pdwfppfxkwfjcif;rjyKbJokH;oyfaomf 
atmufygrsm;ukdawGh&Sd&ygonf//
	1// trsddK;om;0ifaiG*%ef;wkd;aeonf//
	2// yk*~vduvkyfief;&Sifrsm;v_yf&Sm;vsuf&Sdonf//
	3// &efukefjrdKheSifhjrdKh}uD;rsm;wGif yk8~vduvkyfief;rsm;Y 
tvkyfvkyfolrsm;
		ay:xGufvmygonf//
	4// ekdifiHjcm;oGif;ukeftrsdK;rddsK;awGhjrifae&ygonf// 
okdhaomf0,f,lokH;pGJ&ef
		ukefa}uG;wifcJhaom wHcg;ydwf0g'/ txD;usef0g'/ 
ukefonfrsm;onf
		trsdK;om;&efol/ 
tpdk;&rSarG;onfrSaoonftxdwm0ef,lrnfqkdaom
		acwf}uyf/ 
acwfydwf}uD;ukdzGifhay;aomtusdK;rsm;jzpfonf// okdhaomf
		tpkd;&qkdonfrSm 
tpkd;&rsm;vkyfoifhvkyfxkdufonfukdvkyfukdif}u&mYvkyf
		&yfrsm;.qkd;usdK;/ 
aumif;usdK;tm;vkH;ukdowdxm;&_jrifjyD;v#if
		t}uD;qkH;aomtEW&m,frsm;ukdwm;qD;&ef wm0ef,l&ygonf// 
jynfol
		ESifhjynfolhukd,fpm;vS,frsm;vnf; cHpm;csufrsm;ukd 
yGifhvif;pGmaz:jy
		&rnf///

	jrefrmekdfifiH.pD;yGm;a7;onfyGifhvmonf// okdhaomf}uyfaeonf// 
tpkd;&.
t"dupm&if;tif;wm0efcHtzGJhjzpfaom A[kdpm&if;tif;tzGJh.udef;*%ef;
tcsdKhukdwifjyI txufwGif&Sif;wrf;xkwfcJhonf// az:jycJhonfrSm -
	(1) ukefaps;ESKef;rsm; tqrwefwufaeygonf//
	(2) tdrfaxmifpkpm;okH;pm&if; q,fqcefhwufaeygonf//
	(3) tpmtm[m&csddKhwJhaomtajctaeokdhOD;wnfaea}umif; Z,m; (2)
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