For study (r)

[rulli@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx]

(i)

1948 ckESpf 'Dbuf wyfrawmf&J=8C &yfwnfcsuf tjrif/enf;em awGudkydkrdkyHkay:pGm
em;vnfEdkifbdk=8C vGwfvyfa&;acwf(0g) trsdK;om;=F2yuGJr_jynfwGif;ppfumv
jrefrmEdkifiH&J=8C EdkifiHa&;vufaw= G v_yf&Sm;r_jzpfpOfawGeJ=8C,SOfwGJ+yD;
tusOf;csHK;=3Dunf&if a[m'DvdkawG=8C&rSmyg?       

1? 1948 ckESpfuae 1958 ckESpftxd zqyv tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfygw,f? vGwfvyfa&;oufwrf;
10ESpf tjy!fhrSm zqyv 2jcrf;(wnf+rJ oef=8C&Sif;) uGJygw,f? zqyv &J=8C 10ESpf
q,frdk; taxGaxGay:vpDudk tESpfcsKyfajym&&if
trsdK;om;aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfr_=F2zcJGa&;
(jynfwGif;ppft=F0ywfwdkufa&;) e,fcsJ=8Ctay:rSDcdka&;/ jAL=B1dku&= uf
t&if;&Sifpepf }uD;wGm;a&; ajr&Sifya'o&mZf pepfxdef;odrf;a&; yJjzpfygw,f?
vlrsdK;pka&;&meJ=8Cywfouf&ifr[mArmvlrsdK;}uD;0g' usifhoHk;a&;
qef=8Cusifbuft&ajym&&if usOf;ajrmif;wJhvlrsdK;a&;tjrifjzpfay:a&;/
vlrsdk;pkawG&J=8Cwef;wla&;eJ=8C udk,fydkifjyXmefcGifh tcGifhta&;rsm;udk
ypfy,fa&;ygbJ? tJ'D zqyv tpdk;&&J=8CazgufjyefrSm;,Gif;wJh ay:vpD t&yf&yfudk
Adkvfae0if;OD;pD;wJh ppfwyfu
ppfa&;rsufESmpmuaetwuf=BAuqHk;taumiftxnfaz:cJhw,f?
'geJ=8Cywfoufvdk=8C tkkyfpdk;oltqufquf&J=8C EdkifiHa&;&mrSwfwrf;rSwf&mrsm;rSm
txifu&awG=8CEdkifygw,f? vGwfvyfa&;acwfudk
udk,fwdkifyg0ifjzwfoef;cJholrsm;uawmh
rsufjrifudk,fawG=8Cyg?
2? zqyv ESpfjcrf;uJGt+yD; 1958 ckESpfrSm wyfrawmf
(Adkvfae0if;)uvsdK=8C0Suftm%modrf; ygw,f?OD;eku tm%mvGJajymif;ay;wmqdk+yD;
wyfrawmf *k%frxdcdkufatmifzkH;uG,fay;ygw,f?
'DvdkzkH;uG,fay;wm&J=8C&nf&G,fcsufu
ppfwyfvufxJu tm%mjyef,l&wJhtcg acsmarm vG,fulatmifjzpfw,fvdk=8C
OD;ekuaemiftcg0efcHxm;ygw,f?
wyfrawmfu wnf+rJeJ=8Coef=8C&Sif;t=3Dum; =3Dum;aetiftm;pko=BEmefeJ=8Cwnf+=
rJbufudk yif;ygw,f?wnf+rJudkrSDcdk+yD; wnf+rJt=F3uufvkyfygw,f?oef=8C&Sif;udk
qef=8Cusifbdk=8Cqef=8Cusifygw,f? DSI  wdk=8C BEDC
wdk=8CvdkppfwyfydkifpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;awGvkyfygw,f?
ppfwyfu(Adkvfae0if;) zqyv ESpfjcrf;uGJt=3Dum;rSm edkifiHa&;upm;ygw,f? zqyv
ESpfjcrf;uGJuvnf; ppfwyftm;udk;&csifvdk=8C ppfwyfudk(Adkvfae0if;udk) acsmh
ygw,f?ajrSmufygw,f/ jrLygw,f?qdk&S,fvpfygwDuvnf;
Adkvfae0if;(ppfwyf)udkolwdk=8CvltjzpfeJ=8CjrifaeqJyg?ppfwyf[mtkyfpkwck
tjzpfOD;wnfvmae+yD qdkwmudkowdrxm;vdkufrd=3Dubl;vdk=8Cxifygw,f?
wu,fu 1958 ckESpf tdrfapmifhtpdk;&qdkwm
ygvDref'Drdkua&pDt&yfom;tpdk;&udkzsufodrf;+yD;ppftm%m&Sifpep=
fxlaxmifzdk=8CyGJr0ifcif tjyifuusif;ywmyg? 
1959 ckESpfazaz:0g&Dv(16)&ufae=8CrSmusif;ywJh jynfol=8Cv$wfawmftpnf;ta0;rSm
Adkvfae0if;u 1947 ckESpf zJG=8Cpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'/yk'fr 116
udkjyif+yD;ol=8Cudk0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf qufvufaqmif&GufcGifh=F0ybdk=8C
wifjycJhygw,f?
'geJ=8Cywfoufvdk=8C 0d"l&ocifcspfarmifu-
=93edkifiHawmfol edkifiHawmfom;rsm;u ygvDrefv$wfawmf}uD;udk
a&G;aumufwifajrSmufygw,f? ygvDrefv$wfawmfu ygvDreftpdk;&udk
a&G;aumufwifajrSmufyg w,f?tJ'grljzpfygw,f?(Principle
Question)jzpfygw,f?v$Jajymif;jyifqifjcif;r=F0yedkifaom
tajccHw&m;}uD;awGjzpfygw,f? tu,fI yk'fr 116 udkxyfjyif& v#ifrlysufygw,f?
tJ'Drlysuf+yDqdk&if
ygvDreftpdk;&uG,fvGef+yDvdk=8CygvDrefv$wfawmfudka=3Dunm&rSmjzpfygw,f=
?=94vdk=8Ca0zefcJhwmyg?
Adkvfae0if;[m tJ'Duwnf;u ygvDref'Drdkua&pDpepfudk
zsufodrf;bdk=8CaoG;wdk;prf;cJhwmyg? 1962 ckESpf Adkvfae0if;
tm%mvkwufvmwJhtcgrSmawmh 1947ckESpf zGJ=8Cpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya' yk'fr 116
udkomru 47 ckESpfzJG=8Cpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHwckvkH;udkyg qJGxkwfypf+yD;
ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk umuG,fxdef;odrf;bdk=8C 1974 ckESpf zGJ=8Cpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH
tajccHOya'eJ=8Ct"Rtpm;xdk;cJhygw,f?
3? 1960 ckESpfu 1962 ckESpftxd yxp(oef=8C&Sif; zqyv)tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfygw,f?
tay:,H=3Dunfh&if ygvDref'Drdkua&pD jyefvnftouf0ifvm+yDvdk=8Cjrif&rSmyg?
OD;ekuvnf; 1958 ckESpfu
tek=3Durf;pD;tm%modrf;cHcJh&wma=3DumifhygvDref'Drdkua&pDtjrpfwG,fatm=
ifvkyf&r,fqdk+yD; jyKjyifoifhw,fxifwmawG jyKjyifedkifbdk=8C
=F3u;pm;ygao;w,f?'gayrJhaemufusoGm;yg+yD?
trsdK;om;jydKuGJa&;jynfwGif;ppfeJ=8Ctdrfaxmifzufvdkufvdk=8CygvDref'Drdku=
a&pDowdk=8CorD;&J=8C 0rf;=3DumwdkufrSm ppftm%m&Sifoa=B3om;[m
tawmf&ifhrmaeyg+yD
? vufonf}uD; OD;eku tJ'Dppftm%m&Sif oa=B3om;udk zsufcscsufayrJh
ae=8CaphvaphavmufeD;eD; jzpfaeyg+yD? 
twGif;oabmt& =3Dunfh&if yxptpdk;&(2)ESpfoufwef;[m ppfwyf(Adkvfae0if;)u
ppftm%m&Sifpepf t+yD;tydkifxlaxmifbdk=8C ppfjyifwyfpkwJhumvomjzpf ygw,f?
ygvDref'Drdkua&pD XmecsKyfudk
t+yD;tydkifodrf;ydkufbdk=8Cae=8Baumif;&ufoma&G;aewJh tcsdefyg? 1962 ckESpf
rwfv(2)&ufae=8Busawmh ygvDref'Drdkua&pD toufukefwJhtxd ppfwyf(Adkvfae0if;)u
aemufausmudk"g;eJ=8B xdk;vdkufygawmhw,f? 
tJ'DtcsdefusrS =93a=3Domf'Dvdkudk;=94qdkwJhpum;av;cGef;udk OD;ek a=3DuuGJpGm
a&&Gwf+yD;wmeJ=8C ygvDref'Drdkua&pDvnf; ZD0defcsKyfoGm;&awmhwmygbJ?

(p)

1948 ckESpf vGwfvyfa&;eJ=8BtwlygvmwJh/trsdK;om;jydKuJGr_tufa=3Dumif;uwqifh
trsdK;om;jydKuGJr_}uD; jzpfvmygw,f? trsdK;om;jydKuJGr_}uD;[m jynfwGif;ppf
udkarG;zGm;ygw,f?jynfwGif;ppfu ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk arG;zGm;ygw,f?
ppftm%m&Sifpepfu ol=8B&J=8BarG;ordcif ygvDref'Drdkua&pDudk
vnf=F2r!Spfowfvdkufygw,f? tJ'Dvrf;a=3Dumif;t& 1962 ckESpf rwfv(2)&ufae=8CrSm
ppfwyfu 'kwd,t}udrf tm%modrf;+yD; ppfwyfwygwD tm%m&Sifpepf jzpfwnfvmwmyg?
tJ'DoU&mZf 0ef;usifumvw0dkufrSm tif'dkeD;&Sm;/rav;&Sm;/xdkif;/yguPwef/pwJh
edkifiHawGrSmvnf; ppftm%modrf;r_awG a&S=8Bqifhaemufqifh qdkovdkay:aygufw,f?
ArmjynfuAdkvfae0if;uyJ uBmhedkifiHa&;jyQ'def udk=3Dunfh
ae=8Baumif;&ufoma&G;+yD; 1962 rSmtm%modrf;wmyg?
tJ'Dppftm%m&SifawG&J=8Btm%modrf;yJGawGudk e,fcsJ=8Corm;awGu
axmufcH=F3uqdk=3Duygw,f? ta=3Dumif;uawmh olwdk=8BtusdK;pD;yGm;eJ=8BudkufnDae=
vdk=8Byg? tJ'D edkifiHawGrSm&SdwJhjynfol=8C'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkawG
/uGefjrLepfawG&J=8Bt=9C&m,fudk
ppftm%m&Sifpepfuydk+yD;awmhumuG,fedkifvdrfhr,fvdk=8C,lqvm=3Duvdk=8CygbJ? tJ'D
edkifiHawG jynfol=8B'Drdkua&pDedkifiHawG jzpfroGm;a&;twGuf
ppftm%m&Sifpepf[mygvDref'Drdkua&pDxuf
ydkrdkvdktyfwJht&mvdk=8Btjrif&Sdvm=3Duvdk=8Byg? jrifr,fqdkvnf; jrifavmufygw,f?
tif'dkeD;&Sm;/ppftm%m&Sif ql[mwdk&J=8Bodef;oef;csDwJh
uGefjrLepfzrf;yGJowfyGJ}uD;[m e,fcsJ=8Borm;twGuftm;&p&m}uD;      
jzpfaew,fr[kwfbl;vm;? uGefjrLepfawGvufcsufeJ=8B AD,uferfrSm
tar&duefe,fcsJ=8Borm; ezl;uJG 'l;+yJjzpfaecsdefrsdK;rSm
ppftm%modrf;edkifiHuppftm%m&Sif
rsm;uolwdk=8BedkifiHrsm;ujynfol=8B'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm; uGefjrLepfrsm;udk
tjrpfjywfacsr_ef;a&;awGvkyfaeawmh e,fcsJ=8Borm;u om"krac:yJraeedkifwm
qef;awmhvnf;rqef;bmbl;?
Armjynfu ppftm%m&Sif}uD;Adkvfae0if;uvJ tJ'Dwm0efudkau|=B9yefatmifxrf;cJhygw,f?
tqpftaeeJ=8Bw=B1kwfArmt"du=B1kef;zefwD;+yD; w=B1kwfuGefjrLepf
qefusifa&;awmifvkyfjycJhygao;w,f? 
ygvDref'Drdkua&pDedkifiHa&;orm;awGeJ=8B uif;uif;jywfjywfrjzpf&if
ppftm%m&Sifpepf xlaxmif&mrSm tuef=8BtowfjzpfrSmpdk;wJh Adkvfae0if;[m olq&m
qdk&S,fvpfacgif;aqmifawG udkawmif &efolawGtjzpfpm&if;oGif;vdkufygw,f?
qdk&S,fvpfwyfr=AA;awG udkvnf;wyfwGif;uz,f&Sm;ygw,f? aemufrsdK;qufopf
ppfAdkvfawGudkarG;+yD; ppfwyfudkolwvufudkifwyftjzpfajymif;ypfedkifcJhygw,f?
'Denf;eJ=8B1962 ckESpfup+yD; 'Dae=8Btxd awmfvSefa&;aumifpD rqv / e0w / etz
pwJhemrnftrsdK;rsdK;eJ=8B ppftm%m&Sifpepfpdk;rdk;r_udkxlaxmifcJhygw,f?
oufqdk;&SnfcJhygw,f? 
1988 ckESpfrSm jynfolw&yfvkH;u
ppftm%m&Sifpepfz,f&Sm;a&;/ygwDpkH'Drdkua&pDpepfxlaxmifa&= ;twGuf
awmif;qdkwdkufyGJ0if=3Duygw,f? rqv wygwDtpdk;&jyKwfus+yD; a&G;aumufyJG
vkyfay;&ygw,f? 1990 jynfharva&G;aumufyJGrSm trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ=8BcsKyf
jynfolawGu olwdk=8Budk,fpm;vS,ftjzpfacgif;aqmifr_ae&mudk ay;vdkuf=3Duygw,f?
jydKifbufr&Sdbl;vdk=8B udk,fhudk,fudkydkwGufxm;wJhppftkyfpk[m
oleJ=8BpD;csif;xdk;r,fh trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG=8CcsKyfudkawG=8Bvm&a= wmh
ta,mifa,miftrSm;rSm;bmvkyfvdk=8Bbmudkif&rSef; rodjzpfvmygw,f?
trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;tajccHay:rSm &yf+yD;
ppftm%m&Sifpepfzsufodrf;/trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG=8CcsKyfudkwm0efvGJ/=
udk,fhumuG,fa&;wm0efudkjyef,lqdkwJhvrf;vdkufrvm;/ppftm%m&Sifpepf
qufxdef;odrf;/trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG=8CcsKyfzsufodrf;/jynfwGif;ppfqufwd=
kufqdkwJhvrf;vdkufrvm;?
vuf&Sdv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;t& trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG=8CcsKyfudkzsufodrf;
ppfwyfOD;pD;wJhygwDpkH'Drdkua&pDpepfeJ=8Btpm;xdk;/ppftm%m&Sifpepfxde=
f;odrf;qdkwJhvrf;udk vdkufaea=3Dumif;awG=8C&ygw,f?

(q)

1960 ckESpf 0ef;usifw0dkufu udkvdkeDwydkif; ya'o&mZfwydkif;edkifiHrsm;u
ppftm%m&Sifrsm;eJ=8B e,fcsJ=8Borm;wdk=8C= [m u|ef;udkif;rSD udkif;u|ef;rSD
jzpfcJh=3Duygw,f?
'Dae=8BawmhtJ'DedkifiHawGu ppftm%m&SifawGudk e,fcsJ=8Borm;u a&Smifavmh
&Sm;avmh
qif;avmh qdk+yD; vl=8BtcGifhta&;eJ=8B'Drdkua&pD}udrfp}uFm}uD;w&rf;&rf;
vkyf+yD;c&mr_wf tcsufay;aejyefyg+yD?
tJ'DedkifiHu ppftm%m&SifawGuvJ wcsdefuajrmufpm;cJh+yD;
ckrSb,fvdkjzpfwmbmvdrfhqdkwJh tawG;eJ=8B=3Duufaoaoukefygw,f?
olwdk=8B&J=8Btm%mtoufAl;udk
xdvmvdk=8Bua&mifuwef;;eJ=8BtrsdK;om;a&;ta&udk=F0cH+yD;e,fcsJ=8Bv= ufopf
bmnmeJ=8Ba=3Dumufuefuefae=3Duygw,f? tJ'DtxJrSm Armjynfu ppftm%m&Sif}uD;
rsm;ueHygwfwpf(*%mef; wpf)jzpfygw,f?
jzLpifwJhapwemeJ=8B edkifiHwum&J=8B axmufcHpmemr_udk av;pm;pGm
=F3uqdk&rSmjzpfayr,fh tokH;cswmrsdK;udkawmhy,fcs&rSmbJjzpfygw,f?
NLD [mtJ'DvdkeufeJwJh
=93trsdK;om;jyefvnfaoG;pnf;r_wnfaqmufa&;=94wm0ef}uD;udkxrf;aqmifedkifpGr=
f;&SdwJh wdkif;cspf jynfcspf tiftm;pk}uD;jzpfw,fqdk
wJh,kH=3Dunfr_eJ=8BjynfolawGu
olwdk=8B&J=8Bacgif;aqmifr_tjzpfa&G;cs,fvdkuf=3Duwmyg?

(ps)

1948 ckESpfuae 'Dae=8Btxd Adkvfae0if;OD;pD;wnfaqmufwJh wyfrawmfudk
ppfaq;=3Dunfhr,fqdk&if- - - - - 
1? zqyv tpdk;&&J=8B trsdK;om;jydKuJGa&; tkwfjrpftay:uwnfaqmufcJhwJh
trsdK;om;jydKuJGa&; jynfwGif;ppfudk wufwuf=BAu=BAuwdkufcJhwJhwyfjzpfygw,f?
'Dae=8Btxdvnf;wdkufaew,f?
2? ygvDref'Drdkua&pDacwfrSm ygvDref'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&&J=8BrSm;,Gif;azgufjyefwJh
ay:vpDtrsdK;rsdK;udk ppfa&;rsufESmpmuaewuf=BAupGmtaumiftxnfaz:cJhw,f? zqyv xJu
qdk&S,fvpfygwD&J=8BvufudkifwkwfwyfjzpfcJhw,f?
3? ygvDref'Drdkua&pDudkzsufodrf;+yD; ppfwyfwygwDtm%m&Sifpepfudkxlaxmif
cJhw,f?ppfwyfuvnf; Adkvfae0if;&J=8B wvufudkifwyfjzpfcJhw,f? edkifiHa&;ygwD
rSefor#zsufodrf;+yD; wwdkif;jynfvkH;udk 'Drdkua&pDtarSmifcscJhw,f?
4? ppfwyfudkvlwef;pm;w&yftjzpfpkpnf;bdk=8B=F3u;pm;cJhw,f?ppftkyfpkt&if;=
tESD;awGudkpkpnf;+yD;/}uD;xGm;atmifvkyfcJhw,f?wwdkif;jynfvkH;udktbufbufu
acwfaemufususef&pfatmifvkyfcJhw,f?jynfolawG'kQyifv,fa0ae=3Du&w,f?
5? jynfolawG&J=8B+idrf;csrf;a&;/'Drdkua&pDa&;/vQ%maqmifwJh+idrf= ;csrf;pGm
q=B2jyr_rsm;udkvufeufeJ=8B=F2zcJGcJhw,f?axmifoGif;tusOf;cscJhw,f?
6? 1990 jynfhESpf a&G;aumufyJG&v'fudkypfy,f+yD;
NLDudkacsr_ef;a&;/ppfwyf=F3u;udkifpnf;urf;jynfh0wJh'Drdkua&pDqdkwmud= k
taumiftxnfaz:bdk=8B=F3u;pm; aew,f?ppftm%m&Sifpepf
wnf+rJa&;udkomt"duxm;aqmuf&Gufaew,f?
&? jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;/'Drdkua&pDa&;/trsdK;om;wef;wla&;eJ=
=8Budk,fydkifjyXmef;cGif&Sda&;qdkwJh
trsdK;om;jyefvnfaoG;pnf;a&;udkvkH;0OayQm=F0y+yD; trsdK;om;=F2yuJGr_tqkH;pGef
a&muf&Sda&;=20 vrf;udkvdkufaew,f?
'ga=3Dumifh,ae=8Bvuf&Sdwyfu 1948 ckESpf[dkbuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
OD;aqmifr_atmuf&SdwyfeJ=8BtoGifo=BEmeft&a&m/tESpfom&t&yg jcm;em;oGm;+yDjzpf
w,f? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; wnfaxmifcJhwJhwyf[m
trsdK;om;aoG;pnf;nD!$wfa&;tkwfjrwfay:rSmwnfaqmufwJhwyfjzpfw,f?
Adkvfae0if;OD;pD;wJhwyfu
trsdK;om;=F2yuJGa&;tkwfjrpfay:rSmwnfaqmufwJhwyfjzpfw,f?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;OD;pD;wJhwyfu
zufqpf/e,fcsJ=8Bqef=8CusifwJhwyfjzpfw,f?Adkvfae0if;OD;pD;wJh
wyfue,fcsJ=8Btvdkus uGefjrLepfqef=8Busifa&; jynfol=8Bqef=8Busifa&;
jynfwGif;ppfudkwdkufwJhwyfjzpfw,f?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;OD;pD;wJhwyfujynfol=8BtusdK;pD;yGm; udkumuG,fwJhwyfjzpfw,f?
Adkvfae0if;OD;pD;wJhwyfu
ppftkyfpktusdK;pD;yGm;eJ=8BAdkvfae0if;;udkumG,fwJhwyfjzpfw,f?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;OD;pD;wJhwyfutrSm;awG udk&J&Jjrif&J&JjyifwJhwyfjzpfw,f?
Adkvfae0if;OD;pD;wJhwyfu
trSm;awGudktqufrjywfusL;vGef+yD;taozufwG,fxm;wJhwyfjzpfw,f?
'ga=3Dumifh 1948 ckESpf'DbufAdkvfae0ifOD;pD;wJwyf[m 1948
ckESpf[kdbufAdkvfatmifqef;OD;pD;cJhwJhwyf&J=8Baumif;rGefwJhtpOftvm*k%fod=
QmawGudkqufcHedkif
pGrf;wJhqufcHxdkufwJhwyfr[kwfawmhbl;trsdK;om;a&;udkwavsmufvkH;oPmazgufcJ= hwJh
azgufaeqJ jzpfwJhtrsdK;om;oPmazgufwyfomjzpfw,fqdkwmudk awG=8C&rSmjzpfw,f?

(Z)

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