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BurmaNet News: April 20, 2001
- Subject: BurmaNet News: April 20, 2001
- From: strider@xxxxxxxxxxx
- Date: Mon, 23 Apr 2001 04:39:00
______________ THE BURMANET NEWS ______________
An on-line newspaper covering Burma
April 20, 2001 Issue # 1785
______________ www.burmanet.org _______________
NOTED IN PASSING: ?Sources in Rangoon believe that Aung San Suu Kyi is
getting frustrated with the lack of progress.?
The BBC. See BBC: International pressure is being maintained on Burma
INSIDE BURMA _______
*Shan Herald Agency for News: Heroin stockpiled at junta post, say
locals
*Amnesty International: Myanmar--Prisoners of Political Repression
*Freedom News (Shan State Army): SSA troops storm Burmese camp
*Bangkok Post: Burma Blasts UN
REGIONAL/INTERNATIONAL _______
*BBC: International pressure is being maintained on Burma
*Bangkok Post: Traffickers Forced to Shift Routes
*Far Eastern Economic Review: To Reach the Helpless
ECONOMY/BUSINESS _______
*The Asian Age (New Delhi): Burma junta forges pact in jade for
ceasefire, profit
*The New Light of Myanmar: Business Information Group founded to
distribute Myanmar?s economic news internationally
OPINION/EDITORIALS_______
*Freedom News (Shan State Army): SSA- S Rebuttal of AP Report
__________________ INSIDE BURMA ____________________
Shan Herald Agency for News: Heroin stockpiled at junta post, say locals
20 April 2001
A Burma Army post in the eastern Shan State has for several years been
doubling itself as a storehouse for drugs, said locals coming to the
weekly market at the border.
IB 65 from Mongton in Monghsat District, eastern Shan State, opposite
Chiangmai Province, has under the command of Lt-Col Myint Sway, long
been an establishment for safe-keeping drugs, they said.
On 16 April, 10-civilian trucks in Mongton and the nearby Nawngpayen
were rounded up by Capt Than Aye, 4th Company, IB 65. The next day,
under the security of his command, the convoy drove to Hwe Khailong in
the north and Hopang in the east to pick up 150 blocks (1 block = 700
grams) from each place. The trucks were released only after the goods
were unloaded at the battalion post warehouse, according to the
sources.
A Shan State Army source also reported all refineries have recently been
ordered to move away from the border following a bilateral agreement
made at the 2-4 April talks in Kengtung for joint suppression of drugs
along the border areas.
"It might also be due to Cobra Gold ", he commented.
Cobra Gold, a yearly joint Thai-American military exercises, begins this
month in the northern provinces. In the past, the exercises were
usually conducted in southern Thailand. The Burmese forces along the
Thai border have been placed on alert since 14 April according to
Democratic Voice of Burma.
Note: IB stands for Infantry Battalion.
___________________________________________________
Amnesty International: Myanmar--Prisoners of Political Repression
Thousands of political prisoners have been held in detention since large
scale public unrest erupted in Myanmar in March 1988, when
demonstrations, initially led by students and Buddhist monks, called for
an end to 26 years of military one-party rule. Hundreds were arrested in
connection with elections in May 1990, when the National League for
Democracy (NLD, the main opposition party led by Daw Aung San Suu Kyi)
won 60 % of valid popular votes, and 81 % of seats. After the elections,
ruling military authorities did not convene parliament or announce a
timetable for the transfer of power to a civilian government, and any
subsequent attempts by the NLD and other groups to influence this
process have led to widespread arrests and lengthy prison terms.
The following lists give details of 458 prisoners known to Amnesty
International of the 1,850 political prisoners currently detained in
Myanmar: the result of more than a decade of continuous official
repression of peaceful dissent in the country. They include students,
politicians, doctors, farmers, teachers, journalists, writers, lawyers,
comedians and housewives, who have been penalized for peacefully
demonstrating; distributing or possessing uncensored leaflets or videos;
seeking redress for human rights violations; telling jokes; wearing
yellow; or talking to foreign journalists. Amnesty International is
concerned that the majority of these prisoners are being held solely on
account of their peaceful exercise of the rights to freedom of assembly,
association and expression. All prisoners who have been sentenced have
received trials which fall short of international standards of fairness.
Many have been denied legal counsel, and the majority have been
sentenced under vaguely worded and arbitrarily applied security
legislation, which subjects rights and freedoms to greater restrictions
than are necessary to meet requirements of morality, public order and
general welfare. A number of those listed have been held without charge
or trial for nearly three years. Many of those who have completed their
sentences remain in detention, held there by executive decree under
administrative detention laws, and without recourse to legal appeal of
their detention.
Amnesty International is further concerned that many prisoners have been
held incommunicado for months, illegally detained, tortured and held in
conditions amounting to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment during
interrogation and imprisonment. In most cases, political prisoners are
not allowed reading or writing material, and are sometimes held in
special punishment cells. Political prisoners are not allowed to send or
receive letters. Family visits are allowed only once every two weeks for
15 minutes, and are conducted in the presence of guards, who often take
notes. Overcrowding is also common, with three or four prisoners held in
small cells for most of the day. The prison diet and medical treatment
are both poor. Families are allowed to bring additional food and
medicines for prisoners, but these are sometimes confiscated. Political
prisoners are often moved to prisons far from their families, making it
more difficult for relatives to visit them, and restricting access to
extra food and medicine. Scores of political prisoners have died in
custody, some of them reportedly from torture, and some from ill-health
exacerbated by the nature of their treatment and lack of adequate
medical care while in detention.
Amnesty International urges Myanmar's government, the State Peace and
Development Council to:
! Immediately and unconditionally release all prisoners held on account
of their peaceful exercise of the rights to freedom of association and
expression;
! To make public full information on all detainees;
! To investigate all allegations of incommunicado detention and torture,
and take steps to bring those responsible to justice, and to take
immediate steps to put an end to these practices;
! To carry out a review of all security legislation which is being used
to criminalize peaceful dissent and freedom of assembly, expression and
association, and to revoke or amend such legislation to ensure
conformity with international standards;
! To take steps to ensure fair trials for all political prisoners and to
review all trials of political prisoners which have fallen short of
appropriate international standards.
For the full list of political prisoners, see:
http://web.amnesty.org/ai.nsf/Index/ASA160062001?OpenDocument&of=COUNTRIES
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
Freedom News (Shan State Army): SSA troops storm Burmese camp
Abridged
20 April 2001
In the evening of 27th March 2001, at about 18.00 hr., a platoon from
453rd Battalion, 727th Brigade of Shan State Army led by Sergeant Moon
Mai stormed the Burmese camp of BP1 (near Thai border opposite Nong Ook
village, Chiang Dao district, Chiangmai province) where not less than 15
Burmese soldiers were encamped. Six enemy soldiers were wounded, while
the SSA suffered no loss.
On 6 April 2001, at 11.15 to 11.23 hr., a battle broke out between an
SSA platoon of 756th Brigade and 19 Burmese troopers from Murng Pan
base, when the enemy reached a temporary camp of SSA near Nong Yang
village, Murng Pan township. The enemy suffered 1 dead and 10 wounded,
while SSA lost none.
___________________________________________________
Bangkok Post: Burma Blasts UN
Friday, April 20, 2001
Reuters
Rangoon - Burma's military government lashed out yesterday at the latest
United Nations human rights resolution on the country, branding it
"derogatory, unfair and partial" and denying accusations of rights
abuses. It also said the resolution would damage "the momentum of
co-operation" between the government and the UN. "The resolution is
politically motivated and clearly aimed at exertion continued pressure o
the government of Myanmar." In Geneva on Wednesday, the United Nations
Commission on Human Rights adopted a resolution which praised Burma'
ruling generals for taking part in talks with opposition leader Aung San
Suu Kyi, but alleged violations of human rights including executions,
mass arrests and forced labour.
___________________ REGIONAL/INTERNATIONAL___________________
BBC: International pressure is being maintained on Burma
April 8, 2001
Larry Jagan
In Geneva today the United Nations Human Rights Commission is discussing
the political progress that's being made in Burma. It's likely to
adopted a hard-hitting resolution at the end of it, although it will
also praise the talks that are taking place in Rangoon between the
opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi and the military junta. But reports
from Rangoon say these talks are currently stalled and may need a visit
from the UN special envoy for Burma, Dr Razali Ismail -- a Malaysian
diplomat who reports back directly to the UN Secretary General Kofi
Annan -- to restart them. Larry Jagan has more:)
Talks between the opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi and the Burmese
military authorities have been stalled for more than a month. According
to diplomatic sources in Rangoon these talks are expected to resume
soon, now that the New Year festivities are over. Although the talks
have been held in complete secrecy, there have been hints in recent
weeks that they were not progressing as smoothly as the international
community had assumed.
Sources in Rangoon believe that Aung San Suu Kyi is getting frustrated
with the lack of progress and would like the UN special envoy Dr Razali
to return to Rangoon to help revive them. Dr Razali told the BBC he was
hoping to go to Rangoon before the end of the month although the
Generals have not approved his trip yet. Neither side has made any
public comment on the talks. The opposition leader hasn't even discussed
the details of the talks with members of her own party. The talks
started last year and were held on a regular basis during December and
January. According to opposition sources they have not been as regular
since then and tailed off completely in March. This was partly because
the Burmese Generals were pre-occupied by the border clashes with the
Thais and later preparations for Army Day (27th March).
But diplomatic sources believe the biggest problem remains the fact that
not all the country's military leaders are fully in agreement about how
far the talks should be allowed to go. The UN special rapporteur, Sergio
Pinheiro who visited Rangoon earlier this month told the BBC, he was
impressed by the military intelligence chief Lt General Khin Nyunt's
understanding of the fundementals of democracy and his endorsement of
the need for a parliamentary opposition. But diplomatic sources believe
there are still many in the military who would find this hard to accept.
These generals are also worried about the future role of the army in
Burma, and recent events in Indonesia -- once their political model --
has made them even more cautious. There is a lot of uncertainty within
the army. So far the Moulmein military commander (Sit Maung), who was
killed in the recent helicopter crash along with General Tin Oo, hasn't
been replaced. Souces in Rangoon see this delay as a reflection of the
divsions within the military. The opposition leader is reported to be
aware of these problems and is prepared to wait while the military
leadership grapples with them. Dr Razali told the BBC that everyone had
to be patient. Nothing was going to be decided quickly, but an important
start had been made, he said.
___________________________________________________
Bangkok Post: Traffickers Forced to Shift Routes
Friday, April 20, 2001
Smuggling likely to intensify
Subin Khuenkaew
Tight security beef-ups by the Third Army along the northern border in
Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai has forced drug traffickers to change transit
routes.
Lt-Gen Wattanachai Chaimuenwong, the Third Army chief, said drug gangs
had shifted their routes to the lower North since February when more
troops were deployed along the border in Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai.
Drug smuggling would intensify in Mae Hong Son, Tak and Kanchanaburi
provinces, he predicted.
He also said the Red Wa had joined hands with the pro-Rangoon Democratic
Karen Buddhist Army to trade in drugs.
On Monday, Third Army troops seized 7.6 million speed pills in Tak's
Phop Phra district after a brief clash with a band of drug-smuggling
DKBA guerrillas.
The seized drugs were believed to be part of some 30 million speed pills
the Red Wa planned to
smuggle into the country during the Songkran festival.
A source at the northern narcotics control office said the seized pills
were from a drugs factory run by a group of ethnic minority Kokang
Chinese headed by Hpong Kya Shin.
The drugs were transported from the Chinese border to Wa-controlled
areas along the Thai-Burmese border before being smuggled into Thailand.
The shipment was meant to be delivered to Hmong and Chinese Haw dealers
in Phop Phra, the source said.
The Third Army will call a meeting with anti-drugs agencies in Chiang
Mai on April 24-26 to work out measures to block the flow of drugs
across the border.
Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra has asked the army to find out who was
behind the attempt to smuggle the pills seized in Phop Phra
___________________________________________________
Far Eastern Economic Review: To Reach the Helpless
April 12, 2001
Interview excerpt
RUUD LUBBERS
The new head of the UN's refugee agency wants a world based on law, but
instead aids victims of war, injustice and disasters
RUUD LUBBERS, the new United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, has
inherited a string of problems that won't go away. The treatment of
asylum-seekers in Europe and Australia, donor fatigue and to what extent
the UNHCR provides for internally displaced people-in addition to
refugees-are some of the issues that must be tackled by the 61-year-old
former Dutch prime minister, who took over as commissioner from Japans
Sadako Ogata on January r. Lubbers spoke in Geneva to REVIEW contributor
Shada Islam about the challenges for his agency, which helps za million
people, and major problems in Asia.
Excerpts:
WHAT ARE YOUR PRIORITIES?
I would like all United Nations members to accede to the yn Convention
on the protection of refugees so UNHCR becomes a truly multilateral
organization. Second, while protecting people in humanitarian
emergencies is important, it is also essential to find durable
solutions for refugees. Refugees who cannot go back to their country of
origin or find a place in a country nearby start to travel the world.
They become victims of criminal gangs offering to bring them to mature
economies in exchange for money. I would like a world based on law, to
avoid a jungle.
BUT THE UNHCR RELIES MOSTLY ON VOLUNTARY CONTRIBUTIONS FROM COUNTRIES.
DO YOU HAVE THE FUNDS TO DO THIS?
It's fair to ask richer countries to make a contribution of $i per year
per person to UNHCR. Others should have a contribution limit of 0.005%
of their GDP. I would like a budget of $r,roo million-5o% more than the
$700 million-$75o million we have today. It's not a spectacular amount.
WHAT ARE YOU DOING FOR THE 106,000 REFUGEES WHO FLED BURMA FOR THAILAND
AND LIVE IN CAMPS ALONG THE BORDER?
It's a balancing act because we have to talk to Thailand to allow entry
of these people and to Burma. We have to protect these people, make
sure they are not harassed, give them basic food and medical
assistance. UNHCR has access to the refugee camps but we are not
allowed to establish outposts in the camps or spend the night there. We
would like Thailand to apply broader criteria for admission so people
escaping human-rights abuses are accepted as well as those fleeing
fighting.
_______________ ECONOMY AND BUSINESS _______________
The Asian Age (New Delhi): Burma junta forges pact in jade for
ceasefire, profit
April 20, 2001
By Daniel Kestenholz
Bangkok, April 19: It is more expensive than diamond, wonderful to cut
yet harder than steel, and no two pieces are alike. Jade is mined in
northern Burma, and is the most desirable stone in Asia.
The jade trade is bizarre, a kind of roulette, bringing fortune or ruin.
As a British commissioner to Burma in the colonial era put it: ôhe jade
trade is an unprofitable antagonism, which requires elucidation,
clarification and the light of day.ö
But the Chinese are obsessed with jade, which they call ôheavenly stoneö
and consider the bridge between man and the gods, a healing stone that
protects against death.
Now the military junta in Burma, desperate for foreign currency, wants
to make use of this heavenly stone - epitome of a nation in which
gamblers, rebels and smugglers remain the main political protagonists.
ôKyaukseinmyo (Jade Country)ö in the Christian Kachin region of the
country is one of the most inaccessible jungles, which makes the hopes
and myths surrounding it all the more fabulous. Those who go in search
of this stone need many years of experience - and luck. Rough jade,
oxidised over millions of years and barely distinguishable from lumps of
granite, is bought raw and recognised by ô light windowsö sound and
feel.
The tens of thousands of jade hunters in the jade mines of Hpakan, where
rubble is sorted from riches, engage in a painful ôgame of patience.ö If
he is not careful, a jade prospector can throw away a fortune with one
block of stone. If you are too swift you will stumble, they say in
Hpakan, Burma? wild west, also called ôLittle Hong Kong.ö
It is known for its cognac, gambling, girls and AIDS. The roads into
jade country are either dust hills or muddy tracks, depending on the
season, and are sometimes only passable by foot, on horseback, or by
elephant. The mines regularly flood during the monsoon period.
Here, where dynamite fuses are lit with cigarette ends and where safety
precautions are too expensive a luxury, an ant-like mass of people drive
narrow shafts into the ground.
Daring prospectors, equipped with metre-long air-hoses, dive into water
after the most precious river jade. But most of it is mined by hand from
tunnels, without pneumatic drills, water pumps or conveyor belts. A
human life is worth little here.
There are bandits by the drove. With a little luck, you might reach
China or Thailand, where jade blocks are worth small fortunes.
The miners and porters work for one US dollar a day, rough jade pieces
change hands for a few dollars. In Mandalay, 300 km and a few days
travel away, they cost a few hundred dollars. In Rangoon they can bring
a few thousand, in the jade centre Hong Kong they can make a few
thousand dollars. In 1998, a jade choker necklace was auctioned for
$2million.
The junta has now sanctioned jade trading between locals and foreigners,
in order to profit finally from the country? wealth in jade.
It has broken up the state monopoly of the ôBurma Gems Enterpriseö and
given the Kachin exclusive licences in exchange for a ceasefire. It is
meant to stop smuggling and fill the empty state coffers.
But the ceasefire is shaky, trading remains dominated by the Chinese,
and anyone who hits on a jade deposit, keeps the knowledge to himself.
Traders will beware of telling the military leadership their true
turnover in order to avoid a 10-per cent tax or even confiscation of
revenues. There is talk that around 70 per cent of jade sales are in the
hands of smugglers.
Meanwhile, Rangoon has started holding gem auctions twice a year. No
self-respecting Asian jeweller can afford to stay away from the event,
which is also increasingly attracting Western players to the supposed
pariah state. ôit is a nirvana for jewellers,ö said a Californian gem
trader.
Politics remain taboo at these trade fairs. Jade trading is a game
between appearances and reality. Individual stones can decide fortunes.
No wonder then that the uncut pieces, as big as bowls, are nervously
examined by specialists with the help of special essences and pocket
lamps. Individual jade pieces are cut open, but there are enough traders
who will risk big sums for uncut pieces with a crack, a ôwindow,ö
although the real value is recognisable only in broken and polished
pieces.
American visitor Richard Hughes, who in 1997 together with German film
maker Georg-Peter Mueller was one of the first Westerners to travel into
jade country since the 1960s, remembers one incident in Bangkok where a
trader was offered a large sum for a particular raw stone. He chose
instead to break it up himself only to find the stone was worthless, and
shot himself. ôhe jade trade is a gamble,ö Mr Hughes said. ôThe leaders
in this game, the Chinese, love a gamble.ö Jade, next to teak wood, has
become a main revenue source for the junta in a trade which remains
dominated by adventure seekers, dreamers and cheats. The heavenly stones
become devilish stones in a business of risk, adventure and hardship,
where it is all a question of luck.
___________________________________________________
The New Light of Myanmar: Business Information Group founded to
distribute Myanmar?s economic news internationally
Thursday, 19 April, 2001
Arrangements under way for soonest emergence of ICT park
Yangon, 18 April ù Chairman of Myanmar Computer Science Development
Council Secretary-1 of the State Peace and Development Council Lt-Gen
Khin Nyunt inspected Business Information Group (BIG) and Bagan
Cybertech on University Avenue in Kamayut Township, and construction of
Myanma Information and Communication Technology Development building in
Hline Township this morning.
During the inspection the Secretary-1 attended to the needs of the
officials, saying, BIG was founded with young men including MBA
graduates with the aim of studying and gathering information for
entrepreneurs such as businessmen, bankers and tourism entrepreneurs and
distributing Myanmar?s economic news internationally. It is also
publishing Business Tank magazine, which includes investment
opportunities and tourist information. in Myanmar, in Myanmar and
English.
The departmental personnel and entrepreneurs here are requested to give
necessary assistance to ensure greater success to BIG?s economic-related
operations. As Myanmar, an ASEAN member nation, is a signatory to the
e-ASEAN agreement, she will have to work with might and main for
progress of computer technology.
Myanmar founded Myanmar Computer Science Development Council and is
promoting the computer science stage by stage to the best of its
capacity.
At present, global changes are occurring in the field of information
techno-logy with high momentum. Keen interest in computer science is
rising among today?s youths. It can be seen that ASEAN nations and
neighbouring countries are broadening their field of computer science
and that they are achieving rapid progress in the sector. Qualified
young men are emerging in Myanmar also as more and more youths are
studying the computer science. Arrangements are being made for soonest
emergence of an ICT park in Myanmar with the aim of paving the way for
the youths to enter the field of computer science and widening the
future IT field and accelerating its functions. Plans are under way to
set up a telecommunication data centre in IT Park with the application
of V set network.
The State is giving encouragement for the development of the services of
Bagan Cybertech in enabling all the sectors of Myanmar such as the
economic, banking, farming, education, health and social areas to get
abreast of the international nations in the field of IT, which is
becoming popular and developing with high momentum in the international
sphere.
The ICT Park, which is being set up from now on, will render much
assistance to the nation to partake in the globally developing software
programmes with the available human resources.
Chief Editor of BIG Daw Nandi reported to the Secretary-1 and party on
functions of the group, founding of the group, aims, reformation
activities, organizational set up, weekly issued economic news,
services, information connections with internal and external economic
organizations, distribution of news bulletins to its members and future
programmes with the help of charts.
Staff Officer (Grade-I) of Office of Strategic Studies of the Ministry
of Defence Lt-Col Tin Oo briefed the Secretary-1 and party on data
communication operations of Bagan Cybertech, and functions of projected
e-Commerce and Intranet, saying, ten private companies have already
made arrangements to offer e-Shopping, e-Banking, e-Reservation,
e-Media, e-Journal and e-Book services. He added that other companies
and departments are also making arrangements to take part in e-Commerce
programmes.
Concerning the Intranet, he explained the system, the system programmes,
rates, aims and services of the V-set net-working system of the
information communication technology park.
As regards the Bagan Cybertech, he said that the national portal or
resource centre will be set up to gather information and data from
multiple sectors for progress of information and communication
technology and distribution of the news.
Officials then answered to queries raised by the participants concerning
the Bagan Cybertech.
The Secretary-1 and party and entrepreneurs visited the Bagan
Cybertech.At the briefing hall of the Myanma Information and
Communication Technology Development Building Project, the Secretary-1
and party heard a report on the design of the building presented by
Managing Director of Winner Company U Aung Zaw Myint, the area, its
architectural set up, installation of communication equipment and
erection of the tower and earth station by Lt-Col Tin Oo of OSS.
The Secretary-1 gave suggestions. Accompanied by officials of the State
Peace and Development Council Office, the Secretary-1 arrived at
Business Information Group and Bagan Cybertech at 9 am and was welcomed
by member of the State Peace and Development Council Chairman of Yangon
Division Peace and Development Council Commander of Yangon Command
Maj-Gen Khin Maung Than, ministers, deputy ministers, heads of
department, the president and officials of Union of Myanmar Federation
Chambers of Commerce and Industry, members of the Myanma Information
and Communication Technology Development group, national entrepreneurs,
computer industrialists and bankers.
_______________OPINION/EDITORIALS_________________
Freedom News (Shan State Army): SSA- S Rebuttal of AP Report
18 April 2001
There will be no more golden eggs after you killed the goose
By: Ai Tai (Shan State)
An article in the Nation on 10th April 2001, was an imaginary story
without knowing the true situation.
That article was "Shan rebels say they're waging war on drugs" a piece
written by AP. It say "However, sources within his command have said
that while the rebel army shuns drug dealing, it does tax others who
traffic in drugs." Its funny that everybody knows, you cannot tax while
you are eradicating them. No more golden eggs after you have killed the
goose.
The 5th policy and objective of the SSA is "Anti-narcotics" and this
policy have been in practice and was well known after they were active
along the Thai-Shan border. All drug refineries, dealers and traffickers
were raid and hunt down in the SSA's active areas. SSA men who have
involved in drugs,faced severe punishment, even death. While the junta
troops are involving in this drug business, they are denying that they
are not. And now when SSA are still proving that they are against drugs
in practice.
The AP also said, "Clad in Khakis marked with tiger head symbol of the
rebel Shan State Army, they head for an opium field inside Burma, 20
kilo-meters to the east of their headquarters. When they get there, a
Thai television crew in tow, they chop the poppies down." Nobody in the
SSA command knew about this, of where and when this poppies cutting had
occurred. This news lack in time, date and the location of the
incidence, which SSA troops have always kept. Furthermore, Major Kham
Leng, who was mentioned in the AP news have been away from this camp for
months and had no chance to meet within these few weeks.
AP have written this story based on the US department blacklist. Since
SSA waged war on drugs, they have always appeal and invite international
communities including the US government to observe the true situation in
the Shan State. Without close observation on the situation and still
kept Colonel Yawd Serk in the blacklist only means that they does not
like his anti-narcotic policy.Freedom of press, means to write the true
story of what they have seen, not an imaginary story to misled the
readers.
_
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