Laws, decrees, bills and regulations relating to opinion and expression (commentary)
Websites/Multiple Documents
Description:
Legal analysis, press statements etc. on Burmese laws related to freedom of opinion and expression
Source/publisher:
Article 19
Date of entry/update:
2014-12-30
Grouping:
Websites/Multiple Documents
Language:
English, Burmese (မြန်မာဘာသာ)
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Description:
"Free Expression Myanmar (FEM) defends freedom of expression and freedom of information in Myanmar" - Texts of laws (Burmese and English), analyses..."Bad laws v Good Standards...Campaigns...Projects and Research...Recommendations for improvement or repeal of specific laws.
Source/publisher:
Free Expression, Myanmar (FEM)
Date of entry/update:
2017-11-04
Grouping:
Websites/Multiple Documents
Category:
Links to online locations of Burma/Myanmar laws, decrees, bills, regulations etc., Laws, decrees, bills and regulations relating to opinion and expression (commentary), Laws, decrees, bills and regulations relating to opinion and expression (texts)
Language:
English, Burmese (မြန်မာဘာသာ)
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Individual Documents
Description:
"On 3 November 2016, the UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention published its long-awaited decision that the Myanmar government?s repeated detention of Saffron Revolution protest leader, and former monk, Gambira, was arbitrary and in contravention of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights..."
Source/publisher:
Article 19
Date of publication:
2016-11-04
Date of entry/update:
2016-11-05
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
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Description:
"...Disposition:
35.
In the light of the
foregoing, the Working Group renders the following opinion:
The deprivation of liberty of Mr. Gambira
was arbitrary, being in contravention with
Articles 10 and 13 of the UDHR; it falls within category II of the categories
applicable to the consideration of the cases submitted to the Working Group.
36.
Consequent upon the opinion rendered, the Working Group requests the
Government to take the necessary steps to remedy the situation of Mr. Gambira and bring it
into conformity with the standards and principles set forth in the UDHR.
37.
The Working Group believes that, taking into account all the circumstances of the
case, including the release of Mr. Gambira, the adequate remedy would be to accord him an
enforceable right to compensation..."
Source/publisher:
United Nations - Working Group on Arbitrary Detention
Date of publication:
2016-09-07
Date of entry/update:
2016-11-04
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Working Group on Arbitrary Detention: Opinions/Decisions on Myanmar cases, Laws, decrees, bills and regulations relating to opinion and expression (commentary), Political prisoners and other violations in Burma - reports
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
113.51 KB
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Summary:
"While the country is more open than
before, the people?s rights are being
neglected. They can arrest you at any time under these laws. There is no
guarantee.
?Pang Long, attorney, Rangoon, January 2016
The past five years have been a time of liberalization and change in Burma. The abolition
of prior censorship and a loosening of licensing requirements has led to a vibrant press,
and the shift from formal military rule has emboldened civil society.
The change has not been without conflict, however, and, under President Thein Sein, those
who embraced the new freedoms to vocally criticize the government or military too often
found themselves arrested and in prison. The
backlash against critics was facilitated by a
range of overly broad and vaguely worded laws
that violate internationally protected rights
to expression and peaceful assembly, some dating from the British colonial era, some
enacted under successive military juntas, and others the products of reform efforts, or
ostensible reform efforts, by the Thein Sein government.
This report examines how Burmese governments have used and abused these laws and
the ways in which the laws themselves fall far short of international standards. It sets forth
a series of concrete recommendations to the new Burmese government, led by Aung San
Suu Kyi?s National League for Democracy (NLD), aimed at dismantling the inherited legal
infrastructure of repression..."
Source/publisher:
Human Rights Watch
Date of publication:
2016-06-29
Date of entry/update:
2016-06-29
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Burma/Myanmar laws which have been used in political cases and are in need of amendment (commentary), Human Rights Watch Reports on Burma/Myanmar, Laws, decrees, bills and regulations relating to opinion and expression (commentary), Freedom of opinion and expression: - the situation in Burma/Myanmar - reports, analyses, recommendations, Laws, decrees, bills and regulations relating to association and assembly (commentaries)
Language:
English, Burmese (မြန်မာဘာသာ)
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Description:
Executive summary:
"Myanmar?s newly adopted Broadcasting Law retains the president?s power to control the
broadcasting sector. It creates a legal framework without safeguards for media independence
and continues the government-run media ? a type of media normally only found in
authoritarian states. The law will quickly become out-dated as it fails to deal with the
digitisation of broadcasting, which has happened in all of Myanmar?s neighbours.
Democracy requires an independent media to enable the free flow of information and ideas to
the public so that individuals can make better decisions that affect their lives, and the
authorities can be held to account. Radio and television broadcasters are vital in the
dissemination of reliable, pluralistic information to the whole population, including to
inaccessible or marginalised communities, in a language that they understand.
In contrast to the printed media, where there is no natural limitation on the number of
possible publications and therefore no democratic need to regulate, international standards
require the regulation of broadcasting to ensure that the limited spectrum of available
channels are democratically distributed. As such, the Broadcasting Law which was adopted in
August 2015 is a welcome step as it replaces a previously arbitrary process of regulation
under which only a few state-controlled or government-linked channels exist, with a proper
legal system.
The Broadcasting Law includes some positive aspects, such as recognition of the basic
principles of freedom of expression and media pluralism, and of the fundamental principles of
fairness, transparency and participatory processes needed to develop further media policy.
The Law also offers a basis for the development of independent regulation, and includes a
balanced allocation between public service media, commercial broadcasters and community
media.
However, the Law has several substantial areas of concern that will significantly undermine
the freedom and independence of the media. In this analysis, ARTICLE 19 makes a number
of recommendations, key of which are:..."
Source/publisher:
Article 19
Date of publication:
2015-11-00
Date of entry/update:
2015-11-25
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
181.04 KB
Local URL:
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Description:
"...In Rangoon, on 4 March 2015 police together with members of a civilian gang attacked over a hundred workers protesting for higher wages and better conditions at the Shwepyithar industrial zone in the city?s north, and took over of dozen into custody, after the labour ministry had described the workers as ?riotous” and had, in the manner of the thugs sent out to beat them up, crudely threatened the workers with violence. The following day, the police and civilians with red armbands attacked a small group of demonstrators gathered outside the Rangoon town hall in support of student protesters encamped at Letpadan, north of the city, calling for amendments to the national education law. Video footage posted on YouTube by the Democratic Voice of Burma shows members of the gang in a melee with protestors before police surge in with batons, pulling some onto waiting vehicles and clearing out the area.
Then, on March 10 the police also broke up the student protest camp at Letpadan with the use of barely restrained violence, officially arresting 127 students. The details of the attack are still emerging; however, according to some accounts there too non-police personnel were among those involved in the crackdown. Again, DVB has posted footage on YouTube showing scenes of utter chaos as policemen assault protestors everywhere and smash up vehicles standing idle and unoccupied to the sound of announcements over loudspeakers that the assembly was illegal and that for ?the rule of law and community peace” the home affairs ministry was taking action under section 144 of the Criminal Procedure Code to disperse it..."
Source/publisher:
Asia Human Rights Commission
Date of publication:
2015-03-11
Date of entry/update:
2015-04-24
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Freedom of Peaceful Assembly and Association, violations of, Laws, decrees, bills and regulations relating to opinion and expression (commentary)
Language:
English
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Description:
"...On 22 December 2014, Daw Khin Win, 57, was shot to death by the police under command of army officers who were cracking down on a public protest by local people at the site of the Letpadaung copper mine pro-ject. Workers for the companies— China?s Wanbao and the Burmese military-owned Union of Myanmar Economic Holding Ltd (UMEHL)—were fencing disputed land. On the day the incident happened, Daw Khin Win went to look after her 7 acres of fields which were confiscated. Several others who were with her were also injured.
AHRC-UAC-001-2015-01.jpgAround 10 a.m. that day, three groups of the companies? workers started fencing around Saete village in the west, east and northwest. The villagers tried to protect their lands as they refused compensation, so they peacefully protested against the confiscation in those three areas. However, their lands and crops were destroyed by bulldozer. During the confrontation between police and villagers, police fired at the villagers using live bullets. One of the villagers, Daw Khin Win, was shot to death and her body was taken to Salingyi Township Hospital. Others who were injured were afraid to go to hospital because they thought they would be arrested. More police were stationed to protect the fencing workers, and the farmers couldn?t do anything at all. Finally, the farmers went back to their villages around 4 p.m..."
Source/publisher:
Asia Human Rights Commission
Date of publication:
2015-01-12
Date of entry/update:
2015-04-24
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
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Description:
"...As describe in the original appeal (AHRC-UAC-117-2014), the farmers from Singu Township, Mandalay Region had been beaten and shot during peaceful protest for the grabbed lands. The farmers protested several times since June. However, on 14 August 2014, police with guns and shields came to the village without giving any information to the Village Administrative Officer. They attacked the protesters, injuring some villagers and one woman was shot. During the following six months, the courts have made no progress in pursuing prosecution.
According to the latest information received, although the police claimed that they were supposed to arrest 15 villagers who were sent summons, they could neither show arrest warrant nor official information that should have been given to the village authorities. This is similar to the method by which they fired their guns; to do so they need permission from a township judge, but instead they relied only the command of the Singu Township Police Force Commander, Soe Win for justification.
At the request of all the villagers and victims, a local elder made a first information report at Latpanhla police station in September to open a case against the police. However, the police station didn?t take any action nor did they fill the police station form (A)(B),instead, they instructed him to go straight to a court.
The plaintiff lodged a case against the police personnel in Singu Township Court. The township judge said the case was improper because it was not opened by victims and dismissed the case on summary judgment on 3 November 2014 finding. Pyinoolwin District Court reached the same conclusion. The case is now in Mandalay Regional High Court and appears to be stalled.
The villagers? rights are threatened by forcing them to live in fear, and depriving them of remedy for their lost lands..."
Source/publisher:
Asia Human Rights Commission
Date of publication:
2015-02-13
Date of entry/update:
2015-04-24
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Freedom of Peaceful Assembly and Association, violations of, Laws, decrees, bills and regulations relating to opinion and expression (commentary)
Language:
English
more
Description:
"...Htin Lin Oo is an author who was also an information officer of the National League for Democracy (NLD). He spoke at a literary event in Sagaing Region in upper Burma on 23 October 2014 about Buddhism and nationalism. He claimed that there are good and bad people in every religion so no one can say that which religion is good or bad. Some Buddhist people didn?t follow Buddha?s words and do whatever they want under the umbrella of Buddhism. He excoriated those who use Buddhism as a tool of extreme nationalism and criticised other religions or discriminate against them. True Buddhism has no place for extremism, he added.
His speech was nearly two hours long, but an excerpt of 10 minutes out of the 2 hours of his speech was spread on Facebook. A group of monks released a statement claiming that his speech was insulting Buddhism. Nine political parties and nationalist groups also released statements condemning the event organiser, NLD, and Htin Lin Oo, who they accused of insulting Buddhism and creating a big problem by taking religion into political matters. They asked for serious action to be taken against him. On November 18, NLD said Htin Lin Oo speech was his own idea which wasn?t concern about the party and he was no longer information officer of the party..."
Source/publisher:
Asia Human Rights Commission
Date of publication:
2015-01-15
Date of entry/update:
2015-04-24
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
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Description:
Executive summary:
In 2014, ARTICLE 19 analysed
the 2014 Printing and Publishing Law of Myanmar in the
light of international standards on freedom of expression.
The
Ministry of Information
unveiled
a
draft
of the
Law
in 2013,
in
a move that
took
observers by surprise.
Responsibility to
develop a
law to
replace
the 1962 Printers and Publishers Registration Law had
previously
been entrusted to the Interim Media Council.
The Law was adopted and signed by the
President in 2014.
The
Printing and Publishing Law
(the Law)
represents a step forward compared to the
draconian
1962 law. It no longer facilitates prior censorship, and the penalties imposable
under it are relatively modest. Oversight over the printing and publishing sector has been
partly transferred from the government to the courts.
At the same time,
it is questionable whether a specific law to regulate the printing and
publishing sector is needed at all.
ARTICLE 19 is not convinced that the
Printing and
Publishing Law will
contribute
to its stated goals of promoting freedom of expression and
supporting the development of a vibrant printing and publishing sector.
Its
primary effect is to
create a series of bureaucratic formalities with which
companies in the sector must comply,
such as registering
with the Ministry of Information
and sending it information
on imports and
exports of publications.
While these procedures are less problematic than those under the
1962 law, it is not clear why they
are
necessary.
Vague definitions of
what constitutes a ?printer,”
?publisher”
or
?news agency”
create
confusion as to whom the
Law
applies to, and similarly vague restrictions on the content of
publications risk having a chilling effect...
Summary of
key
recommendations:
•The
stated goal of the Law to ensure ?ethical” practices
and compliance with
?relevant laws”
should be dropped and replaced with
a more substantive guarantee for freedom of
the media
• The requirement to register should be abolished entirely.
If the requirement to register is
not abolished, the registration procedure should be amended and set out clearly within
the Law itself. Those whose
registration
has been suspended or cancelled should have the
right to
appeal to a court
• The content restrictions listed should be removed and dealt with using laws of general
application, such as the penal code. If they are not removed, they should be defined
more clearly and narrowly in line with international standards
•The requirement to notify import and export of publications should be abolished entirely.
Source/publisher:
Article 19
Date of publication:
2014-11-11
Date of entry/update:
2014-12-30
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
113.93 KB
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Description:
ARTICLE 19 launched this beginners? guide as part of our work on reform in Myanmar. It is
part of a series of such guides which are available at www.article19.org
လွတ်လပ်စွာထုတ်ဖော်ပြောဆိုခွင့်နှင့်ပတ်သတ်သော နိုင်ငံတကာစံနှုန်းများ 5
International standards on the right to free expression
အကြောင်းအရာကန့်သတ်ချက်ဆိုင်ရာယေဘုယျစည်းမျဉ်းများ 13
General rules on content restrictions
အကြောင်းအရာကန့်သတ်ထိန်းချုပ်မှု၏ သီးခြားအမှုများ 18
Specific cases of content restriction
အသရေဖျက်ခြင်း 19
Defamation
အမျိုးသားလုံခြုံရေးကာကွယ်ရေး၊လူထုငြိမ်ဝပ်ပိပြားရေးနှင့်လူထုလုံခြုံ စိတ်ချရေး 33
Protection of national security, public order, public safety
အမုန်းတရားဖြစ်ရန်လှုံ့ဆော်ခြင်း 40
Incitement to hatred
ဘာသာရေးကိုစော်ကားသော(ဘုရားသခင်ကိုဆဲဆိုသောစကား)ကိုထိန်းချုုပ်သည့်ဥပဒေ 53
Blasphemy laws
သတင်းမှား 58
False news
ပြည်သူ့နီတိ 62
Public morals
ကိုယ်ပိုင်လွတ်လပ်ခွင့် 67
Privacy
Source/publisher:
Article 19
Date of publication:
2014-07-23
Date of entry/update:
2014-07-25
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Freedom of Opinion and Expression - tools for change in Burma/Myanmar, Tools for advocates and activists, Laws, decrees, bills and regulations relating to opinion and expression (commentary)
Language:
English, Burmese (မြန်မာဘာသာ)
Format :
pdf
Size:
327.33 KB
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Description:
မြန်မာပြည် ပြုပြင်ပြောင်းလဲရေးဆိုင်ရာ လုပ်ငန်းစဉ်အဖြစ် ၂၀၁၂ တွင် အခြေခံအဆင့် နိုင်ငံတကာ
လူ့အခွင့်အရေး ဥပဒေ လမ်းညွှန်စာအုပ်ကို ထုတ်ဝေခဲ့သည်။ ဤလမ်းညွှန် စာအုပ်တွင် လွတ်လ
ပ်စွာထုတ်ဖော်ပြောဆိုင်ခွင့်ကို လေးစားရန်၊ ကာကွယ်စောင့်ရှောက်ရန်နှင့် မြင့်တင်ရန် အစိုးရ များ
လုပ်ဆောင်ရမည့်အရာ၊ မလုပ်ဆောင်သင့်သည့်အရာများ ကို ရှင်းပြထားသည်။
ARTICLE 19 launched this beginners? guide as part of our work on reform in Myanmar. It is
part of a series of such guides which are available at www.article19.org
Regulating print media 3
ပုံနှိပ်မီဒီယာကို စည်းမျဉ်းဖြင့် ထိန်းချုပ်ခြင်း
Regulating journalists 13
သတင်းထောက်များကို စည်းမျဉ်းဖြင့် ထိန်းချုပ်ခြင်း
Regulating the internet 27
အင်တာနက်ကို စည်းမျဉ်းဖြင့် ထိန်းချုပ်ခြင်း
Regulating broadcast media 37
ရုပ်သံလွင့်မီဒီယာကို စီးမျဉ်းဖြင့်ထိန်းချုပ်ခြင်း
Regulating film 49
ရုပ်ရှင်ကိုထိန်းချုပ်ခြင်း
Regulating freedom of assembly 53
ငြိမ်းချမ်းစွာစုဝေခြင်း
Regulating assess to public information 61
အများပြည်သူဆိုင်ရာသတင်းအချက်အလက်များ ရယူခြင်း
Source/publisher:
Article 19
Date of publication:
2014-07-23
Date of entry/update:
2014-07-25
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Freedom of Opinion and Expression - tools for change in Burma/Myanmar, Tools for advocates and activists, Laws, decrees, bills and regulations relating to opinion and expression (commentary)
Language:
English, Burmese (မြန်မာဘာသာ)
Format :
pdf
Size:
258.56 KB
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Description:
ယခုသုံးသပ်မှုသည် ၂၀၁၄ ခုနှစ်တွင်ပြဌာန်းခဲ့သည့် မြန်မာနိုင်ငံ၏သတင်းမီဒီယာဥပဒေသည် နိုင်ငံတကာလွတ်လပ်စွာ ဖော်ပြပြောဆိုခွင့်၊ သတင်းလွတ်လပ်ခွင့်ဆိုင်ရာစံနှုန်းများနှင့် ကိုက်ညီမှုရှိ-မရှိကို စိစစ်သုံးသပ်ထားခြင်းဖြစ်ပါသည်။ သတင်းမီဒီယာဥပဒေအနေဖြင့် သတင်းမီဒီယာလွတ်လပ်ခွင့်ကို တစ်စုံတစ်ရာ အစပျိုးခွင့်ပြုထားပါသည်။ ဥပမာအားဖြင့် - ဆင်ဆာစိစစ်တည်းဖြတ်မှုကို တားမြစ်ထားခြင်း၊ "သတင်းမီဒီယာသမားများ" ၏ တိကျသော အခွင့်အရေးများကို အသိအမှတ်ပြုထားခြင်းတို့ဖြစ်ပါသည်။ ဤသည်မှာ အပြုသဘောလုပ်ဆောင်မှုအဖြစ် ရှုမြင်နိုင်ပြီး၊ နိုင်ငံအတွင်း အကျယ်အပြန့် ကျင့်သုံးနေသည် ဆင်ဆာစိစစ်တည်းဖြတ်မှု ယန္တယားများကို စတင်ဖြိုဖျက်ချလိုက်ခြင်းပင် ဖြစ်ပါသည်။ သို့ဖြစ်ရာ မြန်မာအစိုးရအနေဖြင့် ယခုဥပဒေ၏ အပြုသဘောဆောင်သော ပြဌာန်းချက်များမှနေ၍ ဆက်၍တည်ဆောက်သွားပါရန်လည်း တိုက်တွန်းလိုပါသည်။
သို့သော်လည်း၊ ပုဒ်မ (၁၉) ARTICLE 19 အဖွဲ့အနေဖြင့် ဥပဒေ၏လိုအပ်ချက်များအပေါ် ကြီးလေးစွာစိုးရိမ်ပူပန်မှုများရှိနေပါသည်။ သတင်းမီဒီယာလွတ်လပ်ခွင့်အပေါ် ကာကွယ်စောင့်ရှောက်မှုပေးခြင်းမှာ အရည်အသွေးများစွာမြင့်တက်လာသော်လည်း၊ နိုင်ငံတကာစံနှုန်းများကို ပြည့်မီခြင်းမရှိသေးပါ။ ပုံနှိပ်၊ ထုတ်လွှင့်နှင့် အင်တာနက်အခြေခံ မီဒီယာများ အပါအဝင် မီဒီယာအမျိုးအမည်အားလုံးတို့သည် သတင်းမီဒီယာကောင်စီ၏ တင်းကျပ်စွာချုပ်ချယ်မှုမဟုတ်သော ထိန်းချုပ်မှုတစ်စုံတစ်ရာအောက်၌ ရှိနေကြဆဲဖြစ်ပါသည်။ ယင်းသတင်းမီဒီယာကောင်စီ၏သည် အစိုးရနှင့် သီးခြားလွတ်လပ်နေခြင်းမရှိပါ။ သို့အတွက်ကြောင့် အကြောင်းအရာအပေါ် အခြေခံ၍ ရာဇဝတ်မှုဥပဒေများဖြင့် အသုံးချ အရေးယူနိုင်သည့်အတွက်၊ သတင်းမီဒီယာများကို လုံလောက်စွာ ကာကွယ်မှု ပေးနိုင်ခြင်းမရှိပါ။ ယင်းကောင်စီက ဆုံးဖြတ်၍ အပြစ်ပေး အရေးယူမှုများပြုနိုင်ခြင်းမရှိသော်လည်း၊ ကျိုးကြောင်းခိုင်လုံမှုမရှိဘဲ လွတ်လပ်စွာဖော်ပြပြောဆိုခွင့်ကို ကန့်သတ်ခြင်းများရှိနေဆဲ ဖြစ်ပါသည်။
ပုဒ်မ (၁၉) ARTICLE 19 အဖွဲ့က မြန်မာအာဏာပိုင်များအနေဖြင့် အပြည်ပြည်ဆိုင်ရာ နိုင်ငံသားအခွင့်အရေးနှင့် နိုင်ငံရေးအခွင့်အရေးများဆိုင်ရာ သဘောတူညီချက် ("ICCPR") ကို အသိအမှတ်ပြုပါရန်နှင့် သတင်းမီဒီယာဥပဒေကို ဖက်စုံပြည့်စုံစွာ ပြင်ဆင်ရေးဆွဲပါရန် တောင်းဆိုလိုပါသည်။ သို့မှသာ လွတ်လပ်စွာ ဖော်ပြပြောဆိုခွင့် နိုင်ငံတကာစံချိန်စံနှုန်းများနှင့် ကိုက်ညီလိမ့်မည်ဖြစ်ပါသည်။
Source/publisher:
Article 19
Date of publication:
2014-07-18
Date of entry/update:
2014-07-25
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Language:
Burmese (မြန်မာဘာသာ)
Format :
pdf
Size:
161.17 KB
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Description:
"...The paper briefly looks at the key laws
in Myanmar that affect people?s freedom
to seek and share information and ideas
? whether that is through the media, in
everyday conversations, on the Internet, or in
demonstrations in the street.
For each law, ARTICLE 19 briefly points out
where the main obstacles are to protecting
and promoting the right to freedom of
expression. It explains what international
human rights law requires the government
to do ? or not do ? in a certain area, in order
to respect, protect and fulfil the right to
freedom of expression..."
Source/publisher:
Article 19
Date of publication:
2014-07-23
Date of entry/update:
2014-07-24
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Laws, decrees, bills and regulations relating to opinion and expression (commentary), Freedom of Opinion and Expression - tools for change in Burma/Myanmar, Tools for advocates and activists
Language:
English, Burmese (မြန်မာဘာသာ)
Format :
pdf
Size:
252.58 KB
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Description:
Executive summary:
"This analysis examines the compliance of the 2014
News
Media Law of Myanmar with international
standards on freedom of expression and media freedom. The
News
Media Law introduces some
guarantees for media freedom, such as the prohibition of censorship and the recognition of specific
rights of
media workers.
This may be seen as a positive attempt to begin dismantling the extensive
apparatus of censorship in the country, and the government should be encouraged to build upon the
positive elements of the Law.
However, ARTICLE 19 remains seriously concerned with
shortcomings in the law. The safeguards for
media freedom are heavily qualified and insufficient to meet international standards. All types of
media, including print, broadcast and Internet-
based media, remain under the unrestricted control of
the government through the Media Council. The Media Council is not independent from government,
and therefore fails to sufficiently safeguard the media from the application of content-based criminal
laws that, while not imposing custodial sentences, still unjustifiably limit freedom of expression.
ARTICLE 19 calls on the Myanmar authorities to ratify the International Covenant on Civil and Political
Rights (ICCPR) and comprehensively reform the
News
Media Law in order to ensure its compliance
with international st
andards on freedom of expression."
Source/publisher:
Article 19
Date of publication:
2014-07-18
Date of entry/update:
2014-07-21
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
154.42 KB
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Description:
ARTICLE 19 launched a new series of beginners? guides to international human rights law
in 2012 as part of our work on reform in Burma. The guides explain what governments are
expected to do ? or not do ? in order to respect, protect and fulfil the right to freedom of
expression.
မြန်မာပြည် ပြုပြင်ပြောင်းလဲရေးဆိုင်ရာ လုပ်ငန်းစဉ်အဖြစ် ၂၀၁၂ တွင် အခြေခံအဆင့် နိုင်ငံတကာ
လူ့အခွင့်အရေး ဥပဒေ လမ်းညွှန်စာအုပ်ကို ထုတ်ဝေခဲ့သည်။ ဤလမ်းညွှန် စာအုပ်တွင် လွတ်လ
ပ်စွာထုတ်ဖော်ပြောဆိုင်ခွင့်ကို လေးစားရန်၊ ကာကွယ်စောင့်ရှောက်ရန်နှင့် မြင့်တင်ရန် အစိုးရ များ
လုပ်ဆောင်ရမည့်အရာ၊ မလုပ်ဆောင်သင့်သည့်အရာများ ကို ရှင်းပြထားသည်။...
Regulating print media
ပုံနှိပ်မီဒီယာကို စည်းမျဉ်းဖြင့် ထိန်းချုပ်ခြင်း ...
Regulating journalists
သတင်းထောက်များကို စည်းမျဉ်းဖြင့် ထိန်းချုပ်ခြင်း
...
Regulating the internet
အင်တာနက်ကို စည်းမျဉ်းဖြင့် ထိန်းချုပ်ခြင်း
...
Regulating broadcast media
ရုပ်သံလွင့်မီဒီယာကို စီးမျဉ်းဖြင့်ထိန်းချုပ်ခြင်း
Source/publisher:
Article 19
Date of publication:
2012-12-18
Date of entry/update:
2014-07-11
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Laws, decrees, bills and regulations relating to opinion and expression (commentary), Tools for advocates and activists
Language:
English, Burmese (မြန်မာဘာသာ)
more
Description:
"ARTICLE 19 joins parliamentarians and civil society disappointed by the government?s failure
to bring the Law on the Right to Peaceful Assembly and Peaceful Procession in line with human
rights standards.
Parliamentarians, including U Aung Zin, a member of ARTICLE 19?s civil society partner, the People?s
Coalition for Free Expression, believed that they had successfully removed the notorious Section 18
from the Law, which requires demonstrators to get permission from the police prior to demonstrating.
The law has led to the prosecution of hundreds of people, many of whom were demonstrating against
key issues such as government corruption and land confiscations.
Unfortunately, in the amendment signed by the president on 24 June, Section 18 remains. Instead of
repealing it, Section 18
has been watered down by requiring the police to have a ?valid? reason for
refusing permission. It is unclear what the valid reasons are..."
Source/publisher:
Article 19
Date of publication:
2014-06-27
Date of entry/update:
2014-07-11
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
58.1 KB
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Description:
Telecommunication Law No. 31, both in English and Burmese, should be the same, although the text in the Burmese text says it is law No. 66/2013
Source/publisher:
Pyidaungsu Hluttaw
Date of publication:
2013-10-08
Date of entry/update:
2014-06-05
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Burma/Myanmar laws which have been used in political cases and are in need of amendment (texts), Pyidaungsu Hluttaw: Laws and bylaws/rules/regulations proposed (bills) and/or adopted in 2013, Laws, decrees, bills and regulations relating to opinion and expression (commentary), Burma/Myanmar laws, decrees and regulations (Pyidaungsu Hluttaw), 2013
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
198.05 KB
Local URL:
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Source/publisher:
Article 19
Date of publication:
2013-06-26
Date of entry/update:
2013-06-26
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Language:
Burmese (မြန်မာဘာသာ)
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Description:
"Establishing a genuine public service media is desperately needed in Myanmar to provide an
independent, impartial and balanced source of information, and to encourage pluralism.
Unfortunately, the proposed bill on public service media would if adopted continue state
control of the media and the disenfranchisement of ethnic minorities. ARTICLE 19 urges
parliament to make significant changes before adopting it..."
Source/publisher:
Article 19
Date of publication:
2013-06-26
Date of entry/update:
2013-06-26
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
101.78 KB
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Description:
"The media community in Myanmar, international groups and observers are abuzz with criticism towards and protest against the Ministry of Information?s (MOI) draft Printers and Publishing Enterprise Law (PPEL) submitted to Parliament recently. And rightfully so.
The PPEL bill ensures government?s continued grip on the print media through licensing controls, which represent a renewal of the old 1962 Printers and Publications Act (PPA). Furthermore, the MOI?s lack of transparency surrounding the process points to a regime still unwilling to embrace media freedom in its fullest sense.
The bill is being introduced by the MOI for the ostensibly benign purpose of establishing rules for conducting such businesses. Apart from the PPEL, bills to regulate the broadcast and online media are also on the agenda of the government..."...Commentary includes Burmese text
Source/publisher:
Southeast Asian Press Alliance (SEAPA)
Date of publication:
2013-03-11
Date of entry/update:
2013-03-26
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Language:
English, Burmese (မြန်မာဘာသာ)
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Description:
"A draft press bill put before parliament by the Minister of Information and Communications should be withdrawn or rejected when it has its first reading in June as it would be a major step backwards for freedom of expression and freedom of the media, restoring prior censorship and full governmental control over the press..."
ပြန်ကြားရေးဝန်ကြီးဌာနက လွှတ်တော်တွင် အဆိုတင်သွင်းသည့် ပုံနှိပ်ဥပဒေမူကြမ်းသည် ကြိုတင်စိစစ်ခြင်း (ဆင်ဆာပြုလုပ်ခြင်း) နှင့် မီဒီယာများအပေါ် အစိုးရချုပ်ကိုင်မှုကိုအပြည့်အ၀ ပြန်လည်အားပေးပြီး လွတ်လပ်စွာထုတ်ဖော်ရေးသားခွင့်နှင့် မီဒီယာလွတ်လပ်ခွင့်တို့ကို ကြီးမားစွာအဟန့်အတား ပြုလိမ့်မည်ဖြစ်သောကြောင့် ဇွန်လတွင်ပြုလုပ်မည့် ပထမအကြိမ် လွှတ်တော်တွင်း ၎င်းမူကြမ်းဆွေးနွေးပွဲတွင် ရုပ်သိမ်းသင့်ကြောင်း (သို့မဟုတ်) အတည်ပြုရန် ငြင်းဆိုသင့်သည်။...
Source/publisher:
Article 19
Date of publication:
2013-03-25
Date of entry/update:
2013-03-26
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Language:
English, Burmese (မြန်မာဘာသာ)
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Description:
"Despite promises of reform, a new press bill to be presented in parliament retains a vagueness that will leave the print media open to abuse from the government and other powerful actors.
"The draft Press Law Bill (2013) says that the media should become ?a fourth pillar” of democracy ?watching and guiding the other three”. The media will not however become a fourth pillar under this draft because it undermines their role and overly restricts their work...The bill has both positive and negative aspects. On the positive side, it repeals draconian laws and replaces them with provisions that proclaim human rights. On the negative side it falls substantially below international freedom of expression standards..."
Source/publisher:
Article 19
Date of publication:
2013-02-27
Date of entry/update:
2013-02-27
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Language:
English, Burmese (မြန်မာဘာသာ)
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Description:
Executive Summary and Recommendations: In July 2012, "ARTICLE 19 analysed the Decree on the Right to Peaceful Assembly and
Peaceful Procession of Myanmar, adopted by the Government of the Republic of the Union of
Myanmar on 5 July 2012.
The provisions of the Decree were examined for their compliance with international standards
on human rights. Myanmar has neither signed nor ratified the International Covenant on Civil
and Political Rights or other principal human rights treaties. Nevertheless, ARTICLE 19
suggests that guarantees to the right to freedom of expression and freedom of assembly, as
provided by Article 364 of the Constitution of Myanmar, allow a wide scope for interpretation
and that international standards regarding these rights should provide guidance to such an
interpretation.
In the analysis, ARTICLE 19 appreciates the Decree?s recognition of the state duty to protect
assembly participants. However, the requirement for permission to hold an assembly, the
grounds for denying permission, the lack of a court appeal and the absence of guarantees for
media access to assemblies are problematic and must be urgently revised. ARTICLE 19 also
calls on the Government of Myanmar ? in consultation with civil society - to review other
legislative measures in light of international standards and to make them compliant with
these standards.
Recommendations
ARTICLE 19 calls on the Government of Myanmar:
• To sign and ratify the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights;
• To invite the UN special rapporteur on freedom of peaceful assembly and association
and the special rapporteur on freedom of opinion and expression to visit Myanmar;
• To ensure that the right to peaceful assembly and the right to freedom of expression
are safeguarded in line with international standards;
• To revise the Decree on the Right to Peaceful Assembly and Peaceful Procession in
accordance with international standards on freedom of expression and freedom of
assembly, as recommended by ARTICLE 19;
• To initiate public discussion about the current legal framework on peaceful assemblies
and engage in consultation with civil society representatives on how to improve the
relevant legislation.
ARTICLE 19 calls on civil society in Myanmar:
• To engage in public debates and consultation with the government on how to improve
the domestic legislation on peaceful assembly;
• To form coalitions between civil society organisations and launch public education
campaigns on the right to peaceful assembly and the right to freedom of expression;
• To draft legislative proposals and advocate for specific changes in domestic legislation
aiming at the improvement of the protection of the right to peaceful assembly and the
right to freedom of expression;
• To seek partnerships with international organisations in a specific mandate on the
right to freedom of expression and the right to peaceful assembly."
Source/publisher:
Article 19
Date of publication:
2012-09-20
Date of entry/update:
2012-09-24
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Freedom of opinion and expression: - the situation in Burma/Myanmar - reports, analyses, recommendations, Freedom of Peaceful Assembly and Association, violations of, Laws, decrees, bills and regulations relating to association and assembly (commentaries), Laws, decrees, bills and regulations relating to opinion and expression (commentary)
Language:
English, Burmese (မြန်မာဘာသာ)
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Description:
"When it was first introduced in 2008, the new Constitution of the Republic of the Union
of Myanmar was deemed to be a great improvement over the previous constitution. An
important part of this was the more robust guarantees it included for human rights. And
an important part of the latter was its relatively strong guarantees for freedom of
expression.
At the same time, the guarantees for freedom of expression in the 2008 Constitution do
not fully meet international standards in this area. This Analysis outlines the key
attributes of international standards, and indicate how the guarantees of freedom of
expression in the 2008 Constitution fail to meet these standards..."
Source/publisher:
Centre for Law and Democracy (CLD); International Media Support (IMS)
Date of publication:
2012-08-00
Date of entry/update:
2012-09-03
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Laws, decrees, bills and regulations relating to opinion and expression (commentary), Freedom of opinion and expression: - the situation in Burma/Myanmar - reports, analyses, recommendations
Language:
English
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Description:
29 Mar 2012
Presentation to the Conference on Media Development in Myanmar, Organised by the Ministry of Information and UNESCO Rangoon, Myanmar, March 19-20, 2012.....CONCLUSION:
"...At the outset I emphasised that law is the essential business of government and noted the critical part to be played by the tripartite system of law making, law enacting and law protection. The legislators, executive and judiciary fulfil critical functions without which the rule of law fails and the fabric of sustainable society falls.
To set solid foundations for sustainable society, there are important laws, which should be drafted according to international standard and enacted accordingly. Critical are those that protect and uphold the rights to freedoms of expression, assembly and information and freedom of the press. They are a stable society?s backbone and shoulder blades.
Robust legal frameworks for freedoms of expression, information and the media are critical and irrevocable human rights in their own right. They are also powerful social goods in that they enable government to fulfil its tri-partite functions, to maintain its responsibilities to the law and to uphold the best practices of good governance. The transparency provided by freedom of information, the scrutiny provided by freedom of the press and the critique provided by freedom of expression create the environment in which high quality accountability government can flourish and deepen.
In other words if law is the skeletal framework on which stands and falls the strength and sustainability of a society, then the rights to freedoms of expression, information and the press is also a government?s personal trainer! A challenge, a goal, an encouragement and a motivator: without which no government can perform to the highest standard or achieve the best possible for those who give governments its raison d?etre: the people."
Agnes Callamard
Source/publisher:
Article 19
Date of publication:
2012-03-29
Date of entry/update:
2012-04-01
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Freedom of opinion and expression: - the situation in Burma/Myanmar - reports, analyses, recommendations, Laws, decrees, bills and regulations relating to opinion and expression (commentary), Media - control of media in Burma
Language:
English
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Description:
"...Decades of military rule in Burma have prevented the rule of law from taking deep
root during the country's post-colonial history. The concept of the rule of law suffered
a particularly severe blow with the accession to power of the SLORC in the coup
d'etat of 18 September 1988. Most of the laws passed since that date reveal a
persistent disregard for internationally-recognized human rights norms. What is more,
the few vestiges of constitutionalism and legality that remained at the time of the coup
have been all but extinguished by this military government whose legitimacy to
govern is highly questionable both under Burmese domestic law and international law...An indication of its lack of good faith is provided by the manner in which it
has sought to force through proposals for constitutional reform which are designed to
perpetuate military rule under the guise of democratic government. The National
Convention, which it created without any mandate or consultation and whose working
methods are so patently unfair and lacking in either transparency or legitimacy, bodes
ill for the future of democracy and freedom in Burma.
Urgent action is required to establish the rule of law, human rights and
governmental accountability in Burma. Many of these recommendations have been
made by the UN General Assembly and the Commission on Human Rights in
successive resolutions on Burma since 1990..."
FOREWORD...
INTRODUCTION...
1 INACCESSIBILITY AND VAGUENESS OF LAWS...
2 CONSTITUTIONAL BACKGROUND...
3 THE LEGITIMACY OF THE COUP D'ETAT OF 18 SEPTEMBER 1988...
4 THE SLORC'S REFUSAL TO TRANSFER POWER:
4.1 The Position Under International Law;
4.2 The Position Under Burmese Domestic Law...
5 THE MARTIAL LAW MEASURES AND THEIR COMPATIBILITY WITH
INTERNATIONAL LAW:
5.1 Some General Considerations;
5.2 The Martial Law Measures: A Detailed Analysis;
5.2.1 The Right to Life;
5.2.2 Arbitrary Arrest and Detention;
5.2.3 Cruel and Inhuman Detention Conditions;
5.2.4 Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment;
5.2.5 Fair Trial Concerns;
5.2.6 Freedom of Expression;
5.2.7 Forced Relocations;
5.2.8 Forced Labour and Forced Portering;
5.2.9 Citizenship Rights;
5.2.10 Freedom of Movement, Assembly and Association;
5.2.11 Right to Democratic Participation;
5.2.12 Human Rights Violations against Children and Women;
5.3 Violations of International Humanitarian Law...
6 CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENTS: THE NATIONAL CONVENTION...
7 THE SLORC'S SENSITIVITY TO INTERNATIONAL CRITICISM...
8 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.
K S Venkateswaran
Source/publisher:
Article 19
Date of publication:
1996-08-00
Date of entry/update:
2005-06-11
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Legal studies and articles, The 1990 elections and the National Convention (commentaries, chronologies etc.), Laws, decrees, bills and regulations relating to opinion and expression (commentary)
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
394.7 KB
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Description:
"...T h i s report documents the extent and mechanisms of censorship
in Burma and the many restrictions on political, cultural,
religious and academic freedoms, both under the former BSPP
government and its successor, the SLORC, which assumed
power in September 1988. Since then, writers and journalists
have continued to be detained, harassed and dismissed from
their posts. Publications have been banned and, using new
martial law restrictions, press censorship has been further tightened.
Foreign journalists have been banned and the SLORC has
launched frequent attacks on foreign news organizations and
journalists..." 3 The Background to Crisis:
3.1 Economic and Social Collapse;
3.2 Ethnic Strife and Civil War;
3.3 Narcotics and AIDS;
3.4 Ecology;
3.5 Refugees;
3.6 The Issue of Human Rights...
4 Development of the Press in Burma:
4.1 The Colonial Era;
4.2 The Parliamentary Era...
5 The Legacy of the Burma Socialist Programme
Party (BSPP):
5.1 The Ne Win Period;
5.2 The Media Under Ne Win;
5.3 The 1974 Constitution;
5.4 The Publishing Registration Law;
5.5 Alternative Expression;
5.6 Ethnic Minorities and Burmanization;
5.7 Religious Minorities;
5.8 Literacy...
6 The Press in the 1988 Democracy Summer:
7 The State Law and Order Restoration Council
(SLORC);
7.1 SLORC Claims of Legitimacy;
7.2 SLORC's Use of the Law;
7.3 SLORC Actions in the pre-Election Period;
7.4 Restrictions on Movement and Forced Relocations
of Civilians...
8 The 1990 General Election:
8.1 Arrests and Retrospective Laws in the
post-Election Period;
8.2 Continuing Use of Press Laws to Stifle Freedom of
Expression;
8.3 Ill-Treatment and Death in Custody of Poltical Prisoners...
9 Cultural and Political Expression Under the SLORC:
9.1 Newspapers;
9.2 SLORC's Cultural Revolution;
9.3 Music and Films;
9.4 Journals, Books and Magazines;
9.5 Education;
9.6 Restrictions on Public Servants and Political Parties;
9.7 Religious Freedom;
9.8 Ethnic Minorities;
9.9 The Insurgent Press...
10 The SLORC and the International Community:
10.1 The Foreign Press;
10.2 The International Response;
10.3 The Reply from the SLORC;
10.4 The Role of the United Nations...
11 Summary of the SLORC Period and Prospects
for the Future...
12 Conclusions and Recommendations...
Appendix 1: Journalists,Writers and Intellectuals
in Detention;
Appendix 2: Country Statistics...
Appendix 3: Extracts from "What has become of us?"
by Min Lu...
Appendix 4: SLORC Questionnaire to Public Servants,
1 April 1991...
Appendix 5: SLORC Questionnaire to Political Parties, 5 August 1991...
Appendix 6: Multilateral and Bilaterall Aid to Burma...
Appendix 7: Foreign Company Investments and Trade
in Burma...
Select Bibliography.
ISBN 1 870798 71 6
Martin Smith
Source/publisher:
Article 19
Date of publication:
1991-12-00
Date of entry/update:
2005-06-11
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Freedom of opinion and expression: - the situation in Burma/Myanmar - reports, analyses, recommendations, Laws, decrees, bills and regulations relating to opinion and expression (commentary)
Language:
English
Format :
pdf pdf
Size:
451.35 KB 719.94 KB
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Description:
"Freedom of expression has been one of the prime casualties of prolonged military rule in Burma. Since the army first began
controlling the levers of state power in 1962, numerous publications have been censored or banned; hundreds of journalists,
writers, poets, playwrights and cartoonists, as well as pro-democracy activists have been arrested, detained or sentenced to long
prison terms, tortured, ill-treated or otherwise harassed, even killed, and tens of thousands of ordinary people have been punished
simply for peacefully expressing their views. The impact has been immense and crippling, reverberating through all aspects of life
in Burma and blighting the country?s social, cultural and, particularly, economic development. Years of strong-arm military
dictatorship and misrule, buttressed by one of the world?s severest censorship regimes and systematic abuse of human rights, have
driven thousands of Burma?s citizens to seek refuge abroad and marked out Burma as a pariah within the international community
of nation states..."
Contents: I) INTRODUCTION; II) POLITICAL AND CONSTITUTIONAL BACKGROUND; III) FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION: AN HISTORICAL OVERVIEW; IV) THE STATE OF THE RULE OF LAW; V) FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION AND ITS PROTECTION IN LAW: (a) The constitutional position; (b) Specific legislative measures: a detailed analysis: 1 The Printers and Publishers Registration Law 1962; 2 Emergency Provisions Act 1950; 3 State Protection Law 1975; 4 The Television and Video Law; 5 The Motion Picture Law; 6 The Computer Science Development Law; 7 The Official Secrets Act 1923; 8 Other Laws. VI) EXTRA-LEGAL DENIAL OF FREE SPEECH.
VII) CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.
Venkat Iyer
Source/publisher:
Article 19 (ISBN 1 902598 04 0)
Date of publication:
1999-03-00
Date of entry/update:
2003-06-03
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Freedom of opinion and expression: - the situation in Burma/Myanmar - reports, analyses, recommendations, Laws, decrees, bills and regulations relating to opinion and expression (commentary)
Language:
English
Format :
htm
Size:
102.08 KB
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Description:
"Burma remains one of the most heavily censored states in the world. The main instrument of day-to-day censorship continues to
be the Printers and Publishers Registration Law of 1962. Introduced shortly after the military coup which brought Gen. Ne Win
and his newly-formed BSPP to power, the law has been repeatedly expanded in scope and severity over the years, including by
the present SLORC government.
Currently, all books, magazines, periodicals, songs and films must be submitted under this law to the Press Scrutiny Board (PSB)
prior to being printed or, in some cases, distributed. Books, for example, must be submitted to the PSB before printing and again
afterwards to check that no changes have been made, whereas magazines, which must be legally registered, are required to take
the more risky method of submitting copies for censorship only after they have been printed. Under the 1985 Video Law, all
videos must also be submitted to the Video Censorship Board (which comes under the Film Censorship Board) for
pre-publication scrutiny, reflecting the authorities? nervousness about the rapid proliferation of this form of expression..."
Contents: 1 Overview of Recent Events; 2 Continuing Mechanisms of Censorship; 3 New Developments in the State Media; 4 Alternative Expression and the Private Sector Media; 4.1 Business Publications; 4.2 Film and Video; 4.3 Literary Rallies; 5 The SLORC?s Political Reform Process; 6 Academic Freedom and Education; 7 Constraints on Freedom of Association and Movement; 8 Ethnic Minority Languages and Literature; 9 Foreign Media and Non-Governmental Organizations; 10 Conclusion and Recommendations.
Appendix: Writers and Political Activists Imprisoned for the Peaceful Expression of Their Opinions.
Martin Smith
Source/publisher:
Article 19 (ISBN 1 870798 77 5)
Date of publication:
1995-03-00
Date of entry/update:
2003-06-03
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Freedom of opinion and expression: - the situation in Burma/Myanmar - reports, analyses, recommendations, Laws, decrees, bills and regulations relating to opinion and expression (commentary)
Language:
English
Format :
htm
Size:
121 KB
Local URL:
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