Dengue

expand all
collapse all

Websites/Multiple Documents

Description: * 1 Signs and symptoms * 2 Diagnosis * 3 Treatment * 4 Epidemiology * 5 Prevention * 6 Potential antiviral approaches * 7 Recent outbreaks * 8 References * 9 External links * 10 See also
Source/publisher: Wikipedia
Date of entry/update: 2006-04-20
Grouping: Websites/Multiple Documents
Language: English
more
expand all
collapse all

Individual Documents

Description: "Outbreak at a glance: Dengue is endemic in Bangladesh. As compared to the previous four years (2018 to 2021), the Rohingya refugee/Forcibly Displaced Myanmar Nationals (FDMN) [1] camps in Cox’s Bazar district, are experiencing an acute surge in dengue cases, that started at the end of May 2022 (epi week 22). As of 24 July (end of epi week 29), a total of 7687 confirmed cases and 6 deaths have been reported, with 93% (7178) of the cumulative number of cases being reported since the start of the surge at the end of May 2022 (Figure 1). A similar surge has not been observed in the larger Cox’s Bazar district outside of the Rohingya refugee/FDMN camps nor at the national level with case numbers and trends within expected levels of incidence for the same period. As dengue is recurrent in this part of the country, the population may be at risk of secondary infection, which puts them at higher risk for severe disease.....Description of the outbreak: From 1 January to 24 July 2022, a total of 7687 cases of dengue, confirmed by rapid diagnostic test (RDT), and six deaths (case fatality rate, 0.08%) have been reported from the Rohingya refugee/FDMN camps in Cox’s Bazar district, Ukhia Upazila and Teknaf Upazila (sub-districts), with the former sub-district being the most affected of the two. An acute surge of cases began during the week commencing 23 May (epi week 22), and peaked the week ending 26 June (epi week 25), with 93% (7178) of the cumulative number of cases being reported between 23 May and 24 July. A decreasing trend in reported dengue cases was observed following the peak when 1291 cases were reported in epi week 25; however case numbers remain high despite the decline: epi week 26 (1241), epi week 27 (1152), epi week 28 (962), epi week 29 (1000). Cases of reported dengue in Rohingya refugee/FDMN camps are significantly higher as compared to similar periods over the past four years; 2018 (4 cases), 2019 (7 cases), 2020 (3 cases), and 2021 (1530 cases and 3 deaths with a surge from October to December) (Figure 1). However, at a national level and in the larger Cox’s Bazar district, case numbers have been within expected endemic levels of incidence; by comparison to the dengue case from the camps, the larger Cox’s Bazar district reported approximately 121 cases from 1 January to the end of June (epi week 27). Camps located in Ukhia Upazila are predominantly affected by the outbreak. Camp 3 accounted for over 50% of all reported cases and Camps 4 and 1W each account for less than 10% of cases as of 24 July 2022. More than two-thirds of cases (67%) were among persons 15 years and older with males accounting for 60% of cases. The majority of cases (81%) were hemodynamically stable – not showing any warning signs for severe dengue syndrome (such as dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) or Dengue Shock syndrome (DSS)) nor having any coexisting conditions – while approximately 15% of cases were mild and required observation and admission to primary health facilities. Severe dengue with signs of DHF and DSS was observed in 0.3% of cases and required admission to Cox’s Bazar District Hospital located within the camp. Among patients admitted to the hospital, 1% required blood transfusion. Previous dengue infection was reported in 1% of current cases. Serotyping results from 10 samples processed at the Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR) reference laboratory in the capital Dhaka identified DENV-3 (5 samples), DENV-2 (3 samples). Two samples had inconclusive results. Dengue is endemic in Bangladesh with recurrent outbreaks. The Rohingya refugee/FDMN camps in Cox’s Bazar district previously experienced an acute dengue outbreak from October to December 2021 during which 1530 cases, including 3 deaths, were reported. Case numbers began to decline at the beginning of 2022, and by the end of February, the event was under control until the resurgence of cases in May 2022. Epidemiology of the disease Dengue is a viral infection transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes and is found in tropical and sub-tropical climates worldwide, mostly in urban and semi-urban areas. The primary vectors that transmit the disease are Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and, to a lesser extent, Aedes albopictus. Dengue virus (DENV) has four serotypes (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, DENV-4) and it is possible to be infected by each. Infection with one serotype provides long-term immunity to the homologous serotype but not to the other serotypes; sequential infections put people at greater risk for severe dengue. Many DENV infections produce only mild illness; over 80% of cases are asymptomatic. DENV can cause an acute flu-like illness. There is no specific treatment for dengue; however, timely detection of cases, identifying any warning signs of severe dengue infection, and appropriate case management are key elements of care to prevent patient death and can lower fatality rates of severe infection to below 1%. Occasional cases acquired overseas have been reported among individuals returning from an area with active dengue transmission, however, there is no conclusive evidence that there have been cases of dengue imported to Bangladesh.....Public health response: The government of Bangladesh and the Health Sector established a multi-sector coordination group and organized meetings with technical partners to manage and coordinate the response. WHO supported the Bangladesh Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MOHFW) to undertake an entomological survey of disease-causing mosquito vectors, including dengue vectors, within and around the camp areas. WHO led a risk assessment visit to the epicentre of the current outbreak (Camp 3) on 21 June 2022. WHO, through the Epidemiology Technical Working Group (TWG), continues to provide timely situational updates and guide on appropriate response. A dengue treatment protocol is being finalized by WHO to guide the detection and management of dengue cases including a referral pathway. WHO is currently finalizing the protocol on case detection and management. Cox’s District Referral Hospital and Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) are managing severe cases. Other hospitals and isolation facilities at Primary Health Care Centers (PHC) or dedicated centers are also managing moderate and mild cases. The International Organization for Migration (IOM) PHC located in Camp 3 has dedicated ten isolation and six observation beds for dengue case management to cope with the surge. WHO has procured and is distributing RDT kits to health sector partners to ensure timely diagnosis across all sentinel facilities, some of which have isolation capacity. Multi-agency integrated response interventions including Water and Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH), environmental management, health, and Risk Communication and Community Engagements (RCCE) are currently being scaled up in the affected camps. WHO is supporting the transportation of NS1 antigen-positive dengue samples from different health facilities to the IEDCR Reference Laboratory in the capital Dhaka for PCR testing and serotyping.....WHO risk assessment: In August 2017, approximately 700,000 Rohingya nationals fled from Myanmar to Cox’s Bazar district, joining more than 200,000 Rohingya nationals already present, and settling into informal makeshift camps, marked by inadequate access to potable water or quality sanitation and challenging living conditions. The speed and magnitude of the influx exerted pressure on existing resources, strained healthcare services, water, and other social amenities. As a result, there have been high levels of global acute malnutrition (GAM) in children under five years; persistent transmission of acute watery diarrhoea (AWD); recurrent cholera epidemics that are transitioning into an endemic state; persistent diphtheria transmission since 2017; and occasional upsurges of measles, varicella, and skin infections. Dengue virus has the potential to cause epidemics resulting in high morbidity and mortality. In Bangladesh, hospital capacity is limited and further increases in severe dengue cases may pose considerable challenges in case management. The Severe Acute Respiratory Infections Treatment Centres (SARI ITC) bed occupancy for COVID-19 admissions is 26% as of 26 June. As hospitals become burdened with people affected by the COVID-19 virus, the increase in hospitalized dengue cases may put undue strain on healthcare capacities. Currently, the district of Cox’s Bazar can detect dengue using RDTs done in approximately 50 sentinel sites distributed across the 33 camps located in Ukhia and Teknaf Upazilas (sub-districts). There is currently no capacity for dengue virus serotyping at Cox’s Bazar Medical College Laboratory. Cox’s Bazar previously experienced an acute dengue outbreak from October to December 2021. The current surge in dengue cases could be considered a continuation of last year’s transmission. As dengue is recurrent in this part of the country, the population may be at risk of a secondary infection that may lead to serious complications if not treated promptly and adequately. Key challenges experienced during last year’s dengue upsurge included delays in the international procurement process for dengue RDT kits, the long process necessary for undertaking dengue virus serotype in the capital Dhaka given such capacity is not available in Cox’s Bazar, and weak vector surveillance and control. In addition to the COVID-19 pandemic, other ongoing health events such as cholera/AWD (persistent low level of transmission) and diphtheria (persistent low level of transmission since September 2021) may pose additional challenges in response measures by competing for resources. Population movement is now more pronounced in Bangladesh with the relaxation of COVID19-related movement restrictions. Cox’s Bazar does not have a direct international point of entry. However, it is close to the seaport in Chattogram and has a domestic airport that receives a large volume of local and international tourists and international humanitarian workers. These factors increase the possibility of international dengue introduction and spread.....WHO advice: The proximity of mosquito vector breeding sites to human habitation is a significant risk factor for dengue virus infection. Although dengue does not spread from human to human, Aedes species mosquitoes can become infected after biting dengue-infected individuals, thus creating a cycle of transmission capable of spreading dengue and leading to clusters of cases. Vector control activities should focus on all areas where there is a risk of human-vector contact. WHO promotes a strategic approach known as Integrated Vector Management (IVM) to control mosquito vectors. IVM should be enhanced to remove potential breeding sites, reduce vector populations, and minimize individual exposure. This should involve vector control strategies for larvae and adult mosquitoes, including: Environmental management (i.e., source reduction by improving water storage practices) and eliminating stagnant pools of water. Larviciding non-potable waters using WHO prequalified larvicides Distribution of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) in severely affected camps Provision of ITNs for fever/dengue inpatients in health facilities. Indoor space spraying (fogging) is another approach for rapid containment of a dengue outbreak but may be challenging to deliver in densely populated areas within camps. Larvicidal prevention measures recommended by MOHFW and WHO are considered more impactful in breaking transmission compared to the targeting of adult mosquitoes with fogging and fumigation. Personal protective measures during outdoor activities include the topical application of repellents to exposed skin or treatment of clothing, and the use of long sleeves shirts and pants. Indoor protection can include the use of household insecticide aerosol products or mosquito coils. Window and door screens, as well as air conditioning, can reduce the probability of mosquitoes entering the house. Insecticide-treated nets offer good protection to people against mosquito bites while sleeping during the day. Since Aedes mosquitoes are active at dawn and dusk, personal protective measures are recommended particularly at these times of day. Entomological surveillance should be undertaken to assess the breeding potential of Aedes mosquitoes in containers as well as conducting insecticide resistance testing for vector control intervention. Rapid detection of severe dengue cases and timely referrals to tertiary hospitals can reduce mortality. Case surveillance should continue to be enhanced in all affected areas and across the country. Where feasible, resources should be allocated to the strengthening of sample referral mechanism for the confirmation and sub-typing of the dengue virus. WHO does not recommend that any general travel or trade restrictions be applied to Bangladesh based on the information available for this event..."
Source/publisher: World Health Organization (Geneva)
2022-08-03
Date of entry/update: 2022-08-03
Grouping: Individual Documents
Language:
more
Description: "The Ministry of Health and Sports said that 15 died of dengue in June and July this year. Most of the victims of dengue are from the age group of 5-9. Ministry of Health and Sports Deputy Director and Dengue Prevention Project Manager Dr. Nay Yee Yee Lynn said that dengue fever was caused by a virus and this disease is transmitted by Aedes mosquito. The patient may die of dengue when infected. We need to distinguish between dengue and COVID-19 when the patient gets fever.” The high prevalence of this virus is mostly found in Sagaing Region, Shan State (East), Mon State and Karen State..."
Creator/author:
Source/publisher: "Mizzima" (Myanmar)
2020-07-30
Date of entry/update: 2020-07-31
Grouping: Individual Documents
Language:
more
Description: "Myanmar saw a decline in number of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever cases in first five months of this year, compared to the corresponding period of last year, a health official said on Wednesday. From January to May this year, the country registered 1,408 dengue infections with 11 deaths, while 2,283 cases were reported with 13 deaths in the same period of last year, said Nay Yi Yi Lin, project manager of Dengue Fever Prevention and Control Program and deputy director of the Public Health Department under the Health and Sports Ministry. Regionally, the mosquito-borne dengue fever cases were mostly reported in Sagaing, Mandalay, Yangon, Magway regions and Mon state. The ministry has carried out preventive measures against common monsoon diseases including vector-borne diseases since early April, the project manager said. The health ministry is making strenuous efforts to accelerate preventive and control measures against the dengue fever with a national plan to reduce the infection and mortality rates. According to the ministry's figures, Myanmar reported over 23,000 dengue fever cases with over 100 deaths last year. Dengue fever is transmitted by the bites of the Aedes mosquito and mostly occurs in the months of June, July and August of Myanmar's rainy season..."
Creator/author:
Source/publisher: "Xinhua" (China)
2020-06-24
Date of entry/update: 2020-06-25
Grouping: Individual Documents
Language:
more
Sub-title: U Kyaw Aung, who is about 50-years-old, moved from Maubin in Ayeyarwady division, to a slum in Yangon over ten years ago. Over 60 migrant households live in the same squat at the corner of Seikkan Thar Street and Wutmasut Wun Htauk Street in Industrial Zone No. 4, Yay Okkan Ward, Hlaing Tharyar township.
Description: "As the lanes are muddy with stagnant water, their huts were built on elevated stilts – to keep the interiors dry and clean from the sludge outside. Ramshackle bamboo bridges connect one hut with another. Most dwellers work in the nearby industrial zones. The surroundings are unsanitary, and the houses lack proper plumbing for toilets. As residents frequently bathe outside, it is a breeding ground for diseases like cholera, diarrhea and skin infections. Residents face many health issues every year. Dengue fever is caused by a virus carried by mosquitos, which are attracted to the abundance of still water surrounding the houses. Other health issues like cholera are caused by contact with fecal matter, caused by lack of sanitation from toilets. The Hlaing Tharyar township is home to the highest number of migrant workers in Yangon, with nearly 50,000 squatter households, officials said. Whenever an infectious disease occurs in Yangon Region, Hlaing Tharyar usually suffers the most from infectious disease outbreaks..."
Creator/author:
Source/publisher: "Myanmar Times" (Myanmar)
2020-02-17
Date of entry/update: 2020-02-17
Grouping: Individual Documents
Language:
more
Sub-title: Debilitating mosquito-borne diseases pose an increasing threat to migrant workers and refugees just across the border in Thailand, where clinics running on dwindling foreign aid struggle to meet needs.
Description: "IN 2019, more than 1.3 million people in Southeast Asia were infected with dengue fever. The cyclical epidemic was exacerbated by poor state health infrastructure and constraints on access, as well as climate change and the increased movement of goods and people. In this context, and despite declining foreign aid, non-government clinics along the Thai-Myanmar border have been at the forefront of regional efforts to contain dengue and chikungunya, another mosquito-borne virus that has spread northwards from Thailand’s deep south. These diseases impose a particularly heavy burden on poor migrant households. “This year, me, my children, everyone has had dengue fever or chikungunya, and sometimes both,” said Mr A. Salam, director of MAP Foundation, a grassroots non-government organisation that defends Myanmar workers’ rights and is based in the Thai border city of Mae Sot, opposite Myanmar’s Myawaddy. Support more independent journalism like this. Sign up to be a Frontier member. Mae Sot is one of the main points of entry for the estimated 3-4 million Myanmar migrant workers in Thailand. In the factories and fields around Mae Sot, about half of the estimated 100,000 Myanmar workers are working illegally and options for affordable health care are sparse, said Salam..."
Creator/author:
Source/publisher: "Frontier Myanmar" (Myanmar)
2020-01-30
Date of entry/update: 2020-01-30
Grouping: Individual Documents
Language:
more
Description: "The death toll of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) has surged to 123 across Myanmar in 11 months, said figures released by the Ministry of Health and Sports on Monday. The Public Health Department under the ministry issued that 23,203 mosquito-borne disease infection cases were recorded in Myanmar's regions and states from Jan. 1 to Nov. 23 this year. During the period, the DHF infection mostly occurred in Kachin state, Yangon, Ayeyarwady, Mandalay and Sagaing regions. Of them, Kachin state topped with 4,222 infection cases and 30 deaths, followed by Yangon region with 2,804 cases and 33 deaths. Children aged between five and nine years old were infected by the DHF the most, registering 9,264 infection cases, according to the ministry's Vector Borne Disease Control Programme..."
Source/publisher: "Xinhua" (China)
2019-12-02
Date of entry/update: 2019-12-03
Grouping: Individual Documents
Language:
more
Description: "The total death toll of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) has risen to 107 in Myanmar in the first nine months this year, according to the figures released by the Ministry of Health and Sports on Thursday. From January to Sept. 21 this year, a total of 18,320 people were infected by the mosquito-borne disease across the country, the ministry's Public Health Department said. Regionally, Kachin state registered the highest infection with 2,904 cases and 29 deaths, followed by Ayeyarwady region with 2,631 cases, 11 deaths and others. Meanwhile, 24 deaths were registered in Yangon region where 2,464 people were infected. According to Vector Borne Disease Control Programme under the ministry, the DHF transmission mostly infected children aged between 5 and 9, registered 7,346 infection cases. Last year, 3,469 DHF infection cases were recorded across Myanmar, claiming 187 lives. Dengue fever is transmitted by the bite of the Aedes mosquito and mostly occurs in Myanmar in the rainy season of June, July and August..."
Creator/author:
Source/publisher: "Xinhua" (China)
2019-10-03
Date of entry/update: 2019-10-04
Grouping: Individual Documents
Language:
more
Topic: Chikungunya, dengue, malaria, Mosquito-borne diseases
Sub-title: A quick test showed that the man in his 50s had been infected with dengue fever, but his wife, who is in her 30s, and their four-year-old and six-year-old daughters showed no signs of infection.
Topic: Chikungunya, dengue, malaria, Mosquito-borne diseases
Description: "In Myanmar, a family of four has contracted mosquito-borne diseases. The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) announced that one member is infected with dengue fever and the other three have contracted chikungunya. Both dengue and chikungunya is mosquito-borne and these diseases occur generally in and around the monsoon season. They affect sub-tropical and tropical countries. Dengue and chikungunya are viral diseases with very similar symptoms. Both have symptoms such as high fever, headache, eye pain, joint pain, rashes and lethargy. Both viral infections are spread by Aedes mosquito. However, identifying the exact disease is critical since dengue is much more dangerous and may need emergency medical intervention. It is also possible for a patient to have dengue and chikungunya at the same time (coinfection). The most distinguishing feature of dengue is bleeding. The family from northern Taiwan visited their relatives in Mandalay and Yangon from late June to last week, CDC physician Lin Yung-ching told Taipei Times, adding that quarantine officers at the airport detected a fever affecting the father upon their arrival..."
Source/publisher: "News 18"
2019-09-15
Date of entry/update: 2019-09-16
Grouping: Individual Documents
Category: Dengue, Malaria
Language:
more
Description: "Dengue fever has killed a total of 68 people across Myanmar in the past eight months, while more than 10,000 others have been infected, according to the Ministry of Health and Sports (MOHS). In an announcement released on Wednesday, the Department of Public Health under the MOHS stated that 13,048 people were hospitalized with the disease nationwide between Jan. 1 and Aug. 10, including the 68 fatal cases. Irrawaddy Region had the highest number of infections with 2,350 cases and 8 deaths, followed by Yangon Region with 2,031 cases and 19 deaths. Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral disease that can infect people of all ages but children below the age of 15 are most affected. According to MOHS data, more than 88 percent of dengue cases reported this year were patients under the age of 15. The peak season for transmission of dengue in Myanmar is from July to August. According to the MOHS, the first dengue outbreak in Myanmar was in Yangon in 1970, with 1,654 cases and 91 deaths. By 1974, the disease had spread across the country. Dengue fever has become much more common since then; in 2015, all states and regions reported cases of dengue..."
Creator/author:
Source/publisher: "The Irrawaddy"
2019-09-05
Date of entry/update: 2019-09-07
Grouping: Individual Documents
Language:
more
Description: "Every year, the rainy season brings an increase in the number of cases of dengue fever, a mosquito-borne disease that killed 37 people by this time last year. So far this year, there have been no reported deaths, and the number of cases of infection has dropped to less than quarter of what it was one year ago. To find out more about efforts to keep the disease under control, DVB spoke to Dr. Zaw Lin, the Health Ministry?s dengue programme manager..."
Creator/author: Libby Hogan
Source/publisher: Democratic Voice of Burma (DVB)
2016-06-21
Date of entry/update: 2016-06-25
Grouping: Individual Documents
Category: Dengue
Language: English
more
Description: GENERAL HEALTH: Dengue in The South East Asia Region : Focus on Thailand and Myanmar (With contribution by Elisabeth Emerson, WHO); Overview of Dengue Fever (Health Messenger); Aedes: the vector of Dengue (Health Messenger)...PREVENTION: Prevention of Dengue Fever (Nipaporn Intong, ARC and Christine Harmston, BRC)...FROM THE FIELD: First International Conference on Dengue and Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (DHF), Chiang Mai, Thailand (With contribution by Elisabeth Emerson, WHO); DHF Epidemic in Tham Hin Camp (Dr. Danielle Stewart, MSF)...SANITATION: Anti-Vectorial Response in Case of Dengue Fever Outbreak (Ren? Collard, MSF)... INTERVIEW: Interviews at Tham Hin Camp (Health Messenger)... CASE STUDY: The case of Maung Maung Soe (Dr. Danielle Stewart, MSF)... HEALTH EDUCATION: The Wise Rabbit (Health Messenger).
Source/publisher: Aide Medicale Internationale (AMI)
2001-12-00
Date of entry/update: 2014-07-02
Grouping: Individual Documents
Language: English, Burmese
Format : pdf
Size: 1.45 MB
Local URL:
more