The humanitarian impact of opium bans
Individual Documents
Description:
''In regards to current drug trends, particularly methamphetamine (both in crystal and pill form) has become increasingly accessible and affordable throughout Asia, reflecting the trend of rising use of amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) in the region.
Governments in the SEA region have implemented different kinds of national drug policy reform, including diversion programmes (Indonesia and Cambodia), harm reduction measures (Malaysia and Myanmar), and steps towards decriminalisation of cannabis cultivation and use for medical and scientific purposes (Thailand).
The scale of illicit cultivation of crops continues to be largely influenced by various socioeconomic and political factors such as poverty, conflict, and weak institutions, both in Myanmar and Afghanistan. In areas affected by conflict, households often grow opium poppy as a means of survival in an environment where markets are not accessible.
Lessons can be learned, for instance, from experiences in Thailand or Colombia. The Thai experience demonstrates the importance of integrated rural development as a foundation of AD measures, addressing short-term needs as well as long-term sustainability. This includes community planning, inclusive value-chain development and sustainable land management, among other aspects. Experiences regarding coca cultivation areas and the recent peace agreement in Colombia confirm that multi-stakeholder dialogue is important for being able to access local communities and building trust...''
Source/publisher:
Transnational Institute (TNI)
Date of publication:
2018-05-31
Date of entry/update:
2019-01-09
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Drugs and conflict, The humanitarian impact of opium bans, Amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) - Myanmar, TNI-BCN Project on Ethnic Conflict in Burma
Language:
English
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397.01 KB
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Title: From Golden Triangle to Rubber Belt ? - The Future of Opium Bans in the Kokang and Wa Regions
Description:
"In the Kokang and Wa regions in northern Burma opium bans have ended over a century of poppy cultivation. The bans have had dramatic consequences for local communities. They depended on opium as a cash crop, to buy food, clothing, and medicines. The bans have driven poppy-growing communities into chronic poverty and have adversely affected their food security. Very few alternatives are being offered to households for their survival...
Conclusions & Recommendations:
• The opium bans have driven communities into chronic poverty and have adversely affected their food security and access to health care and education. • The Kokang and Wa authorities have promoted Chinese investment in mono-plantations, especially in rubber. These projects are unsustainable and do not significantly profit the population. • Ex-poppy farmers mainly rely on casual labour and collecting Non-Timber Forest Products as alternative source of income. • Current interventions by international NGOs and UN agencies are still limited in scale and can best be described as ?emer-gency responses”. • If the many challenges to achieving viable legal livelihoods in the Kokang and Wa regions are not addressed, the reductions in opium cultivation are unlikely to be sustainable.
The Kokang and Wa cease-fire groups have implemented these bans following international pressure, especially from neighbouring China. In return, they hope to gain international political recognition and aid to develop their impoverished and war-torn regions. The Kokang and Wa authorities have been unable to provide alternative sources of income for ex-poppy farmers. Instead they have promoted Chinese invest-ment in monoplantations, especially in rubber. These projects have created many undesired effects and do not significantly profit the population.
The Burmese military government, the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC), has also been unwilling and unable to provide assistance. The international community has provided emergency aid through inter-national NGOs and UN agencies. However, current levels of support are insufficient, and need to be upgraded in order to provide sustainable alternatives for the population. The international community should not abandon former opium-growing communities in the Kokang and Wa regions at this critical time..."
Tom Kramer
Source/publisher:
Transnational Insititute (Drug Policy Briefing Nr 29)
Date of publication:
2009-07-00
Date of entry/update:
2010-08-11
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Drugs in Shan State, Drug bans and poppy crop substitution, The humanitarian impact of opium bans, Food Security in Burma/Myanmar - web searches, specialised groups, reports and statistics, Burma: opium and heroin
Language:
English
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217.33 KB
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Description:
The Golden Triangle is closing a dramatic
period of opium reduction?, wrote UNODC
Executive Director Antonio Maria Costa in his
preface to the 2007 survey on Opium Poppy
Cultivation in South East Asia. ?A decade long
process of drug control is clearly paying off.?
According to the survey, the region produced
one-third of world opium production in 1998,
now down to only about 5 percent. The once
notorious region ?can no longer be called
Golden Triangle on the reason of opium
production alone.?
There has clearly been a significant decline in
opium production in Southeast Asia over the
past decade in spite of a resurgence in Burma
(Myanmar) in the last two years. In this study,
we try to assess the causes and consequences,
and come to the conclusion that the region is
suffering a variety of withdrawal symptoms?,
leaving little reason for optimism.
The rapid decline has caused major suffering
among former poppy growing communities
in Burma and Laos, making it difficult to
characterise developments as a success story?.
Meanwhile, the market of amphetamine-type
stimulants (ATS) has increased rapidly and
higher heroin prices are leading to shifts in
consumer behaviour. While the total numbers
of opium and heroin users may be going
down, many have started to inject and others
have shifted to a cocktail of pharmaceutical
replacements, representing largely unknown
health risks.
Confronted with harsh domestic repression
and little support from the international
community, both farmers and users in the
region are struggling to find coping strategies
to deal with the rapid changes. Drug control
officials have presumed that reducing opium
production would automatically lead to a
reduction in drug consumption and drugrelated
problems. The reality in Southeast Asia
proves them wrong. Had quality treatment
services been in place, more drug users may
have chosen that option. In the absence of
adequate health care and within a highly
repressive law enforcement environment,
however, most are forced to find their own
solutions?. Harm reduction services are still
only accessible to a tiny proportion of those
who need them in the region, even though
most countries have now adopted the basic
principles in their policy framework. China,
especially, has started to significantly scale up
needle exchange and methadone programmes
to prevent a further spreading of blood-borne
infections. In 1998, the ASEAN Ministerial Meeting signed
the declaration for a Drug-Free ASEAN by
2020 and two years later even decided to bring
forward the target year to 2015. Countries
elaborated national plans to comply with
the deadline putting huge pressure on rural
communities to abandon poppy cultivation
and traditional opium use and on police to
arrest as many users and traders as possible.
This also led to the 2003 war on drugs? in
Thailand in which thousands of drug users
and small-scale traders were killed. The 2008
status report on progress achieved towards
making ASEAN and China drug-free, ?identifies
an overall rising trend in the abuse of drugs?,
however, and acknowledges that ?a target
of zero drugs for production, trafficking and
consumption of illicit drugs in the region by
2015 is obviously unattainable?.
This TNI publication makes extensive use of
the research carried out by our team of fifteen
researchers working in Burma, Thailand, Laos
and Yunnan province in China. Hundreds of
interviews were conducted with farmers, users
and traders. We cannot thank them enough
for their motivation and courage. Most prefer
to remain anonymous and continue their
research to detect new trends and help fill
gaps in knowledge that have become apparent
while writing this first report. A more detailed
publication incorporating their latest findings
is due at the end of this year. We intend to
discuss our outcomes with authorities, civil
society and researchers in the region with a
view to contributing to a better understanding
of the changes taking place in the regional
drugs market and to design more effective and
humane drug policy responses for the future.
Tom Kramer, Martin Jelsma
Source/publisher:
Transnational Institute (TNI) Debate Papers No. 16
Date of publication:
2008-08-00
Date of entry/update:
2010-08-11
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Drugs and conflict, The humanitarian impact of opium bans, Drugs and Burma: general links, reports and articles, Amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) - Myanmar, TNI-BCN Project on Ethnic Conflict in Burma
Language:
English
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Description:
Proposed opium bans could spark a humanitarian crisis in Burma?s drug-rich north...
"United Wa State Army chairman Bao Yuxiang said on June 24, after proclaiming Special Region 2 a �drugs source free zone"How are the farmers going to survive after the poppy ban? This is the big question that every level of local authorities encounters."The lives of the people will become more difficult, and we do expect the international community will give us more assistance to let the people be able to overcome the difficulties and achieve the historical commitment."
The Wa and Kokang regions in northern Shan State have traditionally been the major opium-producing areas in Burma, but this could change. The UWSA has declared the areas under their control opium free as of June 26, 2005. In the Kokang region an opium ban has been in effect since 2003, while the Mong La region in eastern Shan State has had a similar ban since 1997.
The implementation of these opium bans in one of the world?s largest opium-producing areas may sound promising to international anti-narcotics officials, but for the opium farmers living there it could spell disaster..."
Tom Kramer (TNI)
Source/publisher:
"The Irrawaddy" Vol. 13, No. 10
Date of publication:
2005-10-00
Date of entry/update:
2006-04-30
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
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