The impact of climate change on the global environment

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Description: "Land governance has become attached to environmental agendas in a number of ways. The best recognised of these is the cordoning off of forest land for conservation in national parks and other protected areas. In many parts of the Mekong Region, this has become an issue where conservation zones have been declared in areas previously settled, criminalising the largely ethnic minority farmers who find themselves living in such areas. More recently, "green grabbing" has become an issue as environmentally-inspired programs such as REDD+ assign recoverable value in forest carbon and hence give new incentives to acquire rights to forest land that is part of the livelihood domain of smallholders. Other environment-related issues include the pressures places on lowlands - especially delta areas - by climate change, the damage done to soils by industrial agriculture, and the environmental externalities of modern practices that impact on nearby smallholders.....Key trends and dynamics: Environmental protections in the Mekong region are frequently threatened by commodity markets. Most directly, an interest in timber products can lead to illegal deforestation, such as in a multimillion dollar smuggling industry in luxury rosewood to China (Environmental Investigation Agency 2014; Global Witness 2015; Singh 2013), and wood from around Indochina that is processed in 2 Vietnam to feed demand for cheap furniture in Europe and the US (Environmental Investigation Agency 2011; Environmental Investigation Agency and Telepak 2008). Commodification and associated crop booms place more indirect pressure on forests, such as in the expansion of rubber in the 2000s due to high prices, and the rise of tissue-culture banana in northern Myanmar since 2015 (Hayward et al. 2020). For example, in Lao PDR an estimated 14.43% of natural forest was converted to plantation forest between 2010-2017 (Wang et al. 2019). In Cambodia, nearly half of the concessions given out from 2000-2012 were forested in 2000, and there have been higher rates of deforestation within concession areas than in other areas (Davis et al. 2015). Some ELCs encroach into protected forest areas and wildlife sanctuaries (Cambodian Human Rights and Development Association 2014). In Thailand, Zheng et al. (Zeng, Gower, and Wood 2018) identify forest loss in the northern province of Nan due to increases in maize production. There are other knock-on effects from timber extraction. The combination of deforestation and intensified agriculture, particularly monocropping, contributes to soil and landscape degradation (Lestrelin 2010). The shift to industrialised farming stresses freshwater ecosystems, threatening their ability to provide for agriculture and food security (Johnston et al. 2010; Thomas et al. 2012). A further linkage ties deforestation with concerns over the impacts of climate change. In particular, the increasing frequency and severity of natural disasters impact upon farmer strategies. An example is found in the aftermath of the 2011 floods in Thailand, and the resulting shift in crop choices (Panichvejsunti et al. 2018). Environmental disasters can also create new precarities in land tenure. Following the 2004 tsunami, there has been significant dispossession of land for indigenous communities in the south of Thailand (Neef et al. 2018). The industrialised use of water in the region is having a profound impact upon supported ecosystems, including communities living in proximity to water sources or courses. Nowhere is this more apparent to see than in the plight of the Mekong, no longer a free-flowing but a humanmanaged river due to the extensive number of hydropower projects interrupting its route from China to Vietnam, with plans afoot for numerous further projects. Each venture has considerable environmental costs, both individually and cumulatively, with communities forcibly displaced to make way for new dams. A further threat to water provisions sees large-scale infrastructure projects on wetlands surrounding cities that provide a vital filtering service to waste-water. Contentious examples are the construction of Suvarnabhumi International Airport on the Cobra Swamp on the outskirts of Bangkok, and projects on That Luang Marsh in Vientiane. Meanwhile, a number of lakes in and around Phnom Penh have been filled in to create land for commercial developments. In the context of urbanisation processes, a lack of coordinated land use planning is creating a platform for precarity against environment disasters. Beringer and Kaewsuk (Beringer and Kaewsuk 2018) show how infrastructure development is increasing the risk of flooding risks in Khon Kaen city, northern Thailand. Climate-change mitigation policies in Myanmar, combined with resource investment through concessions and other large-scale land acquisitions, are creating overlapping disputes on land. In Myanmar, this exacerbates rather than alleviates tensions within the peace process (Woods 2015). Work and Thuon (Work and Thuon 2017) note how in Prey Lang, Cambodia, industrial tree plantations qualify as forest restoration, and local communities are unable to access areas of land around ELCs that have been mapped as protection zones. A key strategy to identify and address drivers of deforestation and degradation, and incorporate them into climate change mitigation, has been the UN-backed REDD program in its various iterations (Broadhead and Izquierdo 2010). There are concerns that REDD projects are re-centralising forest management as opposed to promoting decentralised governance that can more easily strengthen local resource tenure security (Baird 2014). Claims on forest carbon are reorienting power relations and property rights in forest areas, potentially creating new fields for dispute (Mahanty et al. 2013). Such programs are also seen to justify and help promote commercial farming. For example, the promotion of rubber plantations by the Vietnamese government is aligned with REDD+ and Forest Law Enforcement, Governance, and Trade (FLEGT) programmes (To Xuan Phuc and Tran Huu Nghi 2014b). However, Work (Work 2015) shows how REDD carbon-capture programs in Cambodia are being restricted due to a monopoly on the timber trade by domestic elites. Rather than compound tenure issues, there is evidence that for REDD schemes to be successful, they first need to directly address potential areas of dispute, otherwise deforestation may continue. Bourgoin and Castella (Bourgoin and Castella 2011) provide an example of such a process in the use of participatory land use planning as part of a REDD project in northern Lao PDR. Approaching the topic from a different angle, the Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests in the Context of National Food Security (VGGT) recognise that strong support for the tenure of vulnerable and marginalised people can also help protect them from the impacts of climate change, including climate-induced displacement (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 2012)..."
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Source/publisher: Mekong Land Research Forum
2021-05-00
Date of entry/update: 2021-06-24
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Description: "China has had a setback in its infrastructure building along the Mekong River after Thailand cancelled a project on the vital Southeast Asian waterway. But observers say that without more coordination between downstream countries, China’s influence in the region will continue to go unchallenged. In a win for locals and activists concerned about the ecosystem and their livelihoods, Thailand’s cabinet called off the Lancang-Mekong Navigation Channel Improvement Project – also known as the Mekong “rapids blasting” project – along its border with Laos. Proposed back in 2000, the project aimed to blast and dredge parts of the Mekong riverbed to remove rapids so that it could be used by cargo ships, creating a link from China’s southwestern province of Yunnan to ports in Thailand, Laos and the rest of Southeast Asia. But it drew strong opposition from local communities along the river and environmentalists, who feared it would destroy the already fragile ecosystem and would only benefit Chinese. The decision two weeks ago came as a prolonged drought has seen the river drop to its lowest levels in 100 years, depleting fish stocks in downstream communities...."
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Source/publisher: "South China Morning Post" (Hong Kong)
2020-02-22
Date of entry/update: 2020-02-22
Grouping: Individual Documents
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Topic: Plastic waste, Pollution, Oceans, Rivers, Basel Convention
Topic: Plastic waste, Pollution, Oceans, Rivers, Basel Convention
Description: "Southeast Asia stands to gain the most from the addition of plastic waste to the Basel Convention in 2019. All 10 ASEAN member states are signatories to the Basel Convention, a treaty that controls the movement of hazardous waste from one country to another. A major global environmental problem, plastic waste pollution has reached catastrophic proportions with an estimated 100 million tonnes of plastic now found in the oceans, 80-90 percent of which comes from land-based sources, according to the Basel Convention website. This problem is especially acute in ASEAN, which has seen imports of waste plastic from wealthier nations to the region – particularly Malaysia, Vietnam and Thailand – rise sharply following a Chinese ban on waste imports at the start of 2018. Data from the United States (US) Census Bureau shows that nearly half the plastic waste exported from the US for recycling in the first six months of 2018 was shipped to Thailand, Malaysia and Vietnam. The contaminated and mixed plastic waste is difficult or even impossible to recycle, leading to a large amount of it ending up in rivers and oceans – or incinerated. The proposed amendment to the Basel Convention provides countries with the right to refuse unwanted or unmanageable plastic waste, and it is a move which will better regulate the global trade in plastic waste, make it more transparent and ensure that its management is safer for humans and the environment..."
Source/publisher: "The ASEAN Post" (Malaysia)
2020-01-28
Date of entry/update: 2020-01-31
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Description: "The year is 2100. The glaciers of the Hindu Kush-Himalayan region—the world's "Third Pole"—are vanishing as the planet warms, the ice that once fed the great rivers of Asia is all but lost, and with it much of the water needed to nurture and grow a continent. Further stressed by extreme heatwaves, erratic monsoons, and pollution, the waterways are in crisis and the lives of hundreds of millions hang in the balance. Access to clean water, now more precious than oil, is a preserve of the rich and has become a resource so valuable that people—and nations—are willing to fight for it. This apocalyptic vision is the continent's future if nothing is done to limit global warming, scientists and environmentalists warn. "If urgent climate action is not taken rapidly, starting today, and current emission trends continue unabated, it is starting to look conceivable that this will entail grave threats to all of humanity as we know it," says David Molden, director general of the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD)..."
Source/publisher: "phys.org"
2020-01-10
Date of entry/update: 2020-01-13
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Topic: Dredging, Biodiversity, Dams, Fishing, Golden Triangle, Mekong River, China
Topic: Dredging, Biodiversity, Dams, Fishing, Golden Triangle, Mekong River, China
Description: "97 kilometres of rocks in Thai waters stand between Beijing and dominance over the Mekong, a mighty river that feeds millions as it threads south from the Tibetan plateau through five countries before emptying into the South China Sea. China has long wanted to dredge the riverbed in northern Thailand to open passage for massive cargo ships – and potentially military vessels. Ultimately, a link could be carved from Yunnan province thousands of kilometres south through the Mekong countries – Myanmar, Lao, Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam. There, the river emerges into the South China Sea, one of the world's busiest shipping lanes and the centrepiece of Beijing's trade and security strategy for its Asian neighbourhood. Under the tagline "Shared River, Shared Future" China insists it seeks only the sustainable development of the river and to split the spoils of a trade and energy boom with its Mekong neighbours and their market of 240 million people. But squeezed for value by the dams lacing China's portion of the river – and further downstream –the Mekong is already changing. Fish stocks have collapsed say Thai fisherman, and nutrient-rich land in the Vietnamese delta is sinking as the sediment flow shrinks..."
Source/publisher: "The ASEAN Post" (Malaysia)
2020-01-13
Date of entry/update: 2020-01-13
Grouping: Individual Documents
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Description: "Japan, the Philippines and Germany top a list of countries worst hit by climate-enhanced extreme weather last year, with Madagascar and India close behind, researchers said Wednesday. Flood-inducing rains, two deadly heatwaves, and the worst typhoon to hit Japan in a quarter century—all in 2018—left hundreds dead, thousands homeless and more than $35 billion (31.5 billion euros) in damage nationwide, according to a report from environmental thinktank Germanwatch. Category 5 Typhoon Manghut—the most powerful tropical storm of the year—ripped through northern Philippines in September, displacing a quarter of a million people and unleashing lethal landslides, according to the group's updated Global Climate Risk Index. In Germany, meanwhile, a sustained summer heatwave and drought along with average temperatures nearly three degrees Celsius (5.4 degrees Fahrenheit) above normal over a four-month stretch resulted in 1,250 premature deaths and losses of $5 billion, mostly in agriculture..."
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Source/publisher: "Phys.Org"
2019-12-04
Date of entry/update: 2019-12-04
Grouping: Individual Documents
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Description: "From November 18 to 19, Global Multi-Hazard Alert System in Asia (GMAS-A) Workshop was held in Haikou, Hainan. Representatives and experts from World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and 16 countries and territories of Asia in the field of disaster preparedness have carried out discussions over GMAS-A construction. This workshop is co-sponsored by China Meteorological Administration (CMA), WMO, Hong Kong Observatory (HKO), Thailand Meteorological Department, and Department of Meteorology and Hydrology of Myanmar. Mr. Yu Yong, Deputy Administrator of CMA, Dr. Zhang Wenjian, Assistant Secretary General of WMO, Mr. Phuwieng Prakhammintara, Director General of Thailand Meteorological Department, and Mr. Win Maw, Deputy Director General of Department of Meteorology and Hydrology of Myanmar attended the workshop..."
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Source/publisher: China Meteorological Administration (China) via World Meteorological Organization (WMO) (Geneva)
2019-11-29
Date of entry/update: 2019-11-30
Grouping: Individual Documents
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Description: "Countries in the Lancang-Mekong Basin, including China, Cambodia, Thailand, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam, recently announced they would launch a joint operation against precursor chemicals in November. The Lancang-Mekong Integrated Law Enforcement and Security Cooperation Center said officials from the six countries made the announcement in Kunming, capital of southwest China's Yunnan Province, which borders Myanmar, Laos and Vietnam. Zheng Baigang, secretary-general of the center, said the joint action aimed at tackling the root causes of drug-related crimes and eradicating such crimes through measures to control the production and transportation of precursor chemicals in the region. Liang Yun, head of the narcotics control bureau of the Ministry of Public Security, said the Golden Triangle region has become a regional and even global synthetic drug manufacturing center, which harms social stability and economic development in the Lancang-Mekong Basin..."
Source/publisher: "Xinhua" (China)
2019-10-30
Date of entry/update: 2019-11-16
Grouping: Individual Documents
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Topic: Mekong
Sub-title: As droughts and flooding in the Mekong River basin become harsher and more frequent due to the effects of climate change, coal and hydropower may no longer be viable development paths for the region.
Topic: Mekong
Description: "This year has been rough for the 70 million people who call the Mekong River basin home: a severe drought rocked the region for months before yielding to deadly flooding. The Mekong slowed to its lowest level in recorded history, knocking the world’s largest freshwater fishery—Cambodia’s Tonle Sap Lake—out of balance. The drought hurt the region’s fishing and farming communities, threatening its food supply. When the rain came, flooding reportedly displaced at least 100,000 people in Laos alone. Mainland Southeast Asia is among the most vulnerable regions in the world to the impacts of climate change: according to one Global Climate Risk Index, Myanmar and Vietnam are in the top 10 most vulnerable countries. Cambodia and Thailand are in the top 20. Despite its vulnerabilities, the governments of the lower Mekong are still pushing development plans centred on unsustainable hydropower dams and coal. Dams across the Mekong basin and coal power plants will ostensibly provide much-needed electricity and income, but the impacts of climate change on water resources are throwing all of this into question..."
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Source/publisher: "ASEAN Today" (Singapore)
2019-10-08
Date of entry/update: 2019-10-12
Grouping: Individual Documents
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Description: "Environment ministers from the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) are due to meet in Cambodia next week to discuss transboundary haze pollution and other environment-related issues, a Cambodian spokesman said on Saturday. They will gather at the 15th ASEAN Ministerial Meeting on the Environment (15th AMME) and related meetings, scheduled for Oct. 7-10 in northwest Siem Reap province, said Environment Ministry Secretary of State and Spokesman Neth Pheaktra. "During the meeting, the ASEAN environment ministers will discuss a wide range of issues of regional cooperation on the environment including climate change, environmentally sustainable city, biodiversity conservation, coastal and marine environment, environmental education, water resource management, chemical and hazardous waste management, transboundary haze pollution control and eco-schools," he told Xinhua. The spokesman said the biennial meeting is expected to adopt three key documents - the draft ASEAN Joint Statement on Climate Change, the draft ASEAN Strategic Plan on the Environment, and the request to designate five national parks in Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam as ASEAN Heritage Parks..."
Source/publisher: "Xinhua" (China)
2019-10-05
Date of entry/update: 2019-10-07
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Description: "IN RESPONSE to emerging environmental issues caused by heavy reliance on natural resources, Myanmar has come up with new policies on national environment and climate change as well as a master plan, Kyaw Zaw, deputy permanent secretary at the natural and environmental conservation ministry, said. The official told The Nation on Tuesday that Myanmar’s efforts in conserving the environment will become more effective once the new policies and guidelines are in place. “In the past, some of our operations were not as effective as expected because we lacked concrete policy framework and rules,” he said. “Our president recently announced the national environment policy and the climate-change master plan, with support from the United Nations Environment Programme [UNEP] and other development partners. We are now implementing these policies to ensure we protect our environment well.” Kyaw Zaw said the policies would be implemented through short- and long-term development plans. Also, he said, investment will be made in the implementation of policies in cooperation with development partners. President Win Myint announced the launch of the policies on June 5, World Environment Day. He said the aim was to ensure a clean environment with healthy, functioning ecosystems as well as a carbon-resilient, low-carbon society. He also urged investment in renewable energy. Kyaw Zaw, meanwhile, stressed on the need to cooperate with the private sector, urging businesses to follow the environment ministry’s instructions to create a sustainable society. “Whenever a development project is implemented, there can be adverse impacts – both socially and physically. As a regulator, we are trying to minimise such impacts,” he said. On Monday, the environment ministry held talks with World Bank Myanmar to foster cooperation in conservation work. The discussion focused on investment issues, development and capacity building works in prioritised regions, translating newly-prepared instructions into ethnic languages, effective cooperation with locals, drawing up programmes for joint funding to implement waste-management strategy, cooperation with respective states and regions to manage tourism-related wastes..."
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Source/publisher: "The Nation Thailand"
2019-06-12
Date of entry/update: 2019-08-31
Grouping: Individual Documents
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Sub-title: There were no immediate reports of casualties or any damage or loss of property
Description: "An earthquake measuring 4.7 on the Richter Scale struck India-Myanmar border region in Manipur, the India Meteorological Department (IMD) said on Sunday. The earthquake occurred at around 11.58 am today. There were no immediate reports of casualties or any damage or loss of property. Further details are awaited..."
Creator/author:
Source/publisher: "India Today" via Asian News International
2019-08-18
Date of entry/update: 2019-08-19
Grouping: Individual Documents
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Description: "Andrea Dekrout is Senior Environmental Coordinator for UNHCR, the UN Refugee Agency. Based in Geneva, Dekrout is responsible for ensuring sustainable environmental management in UNHCR operations and refugee camps. In her work, she helps refugees and their host communities maintain a clean and healthy environment. We sat down with her to discuss the situation in Cox’s Bazar, a coastal city that has recently seen an enormous influx of refugees. The refugee settlements on southern Bangladesh’s Teknaf Peninsula have existed for a number of years. Before August 2017 they hosted about 200,000 refugees, mainly Rohingyas from Myanmar’s Rakhine State. Since then almost 700,000 more have arrived, after making a perilous journey via land, river or sea. The refugee influx into the Cox’s Bazar district has caused a significant impact on local forests and amplified human-wildlife conflict. It is estimated that the equivalent of 3-5 football fields of forest are felled every day in the area. Important national and community forestry areas, which were already under significant pressure before the influx, have been further degraded, limiting opportunities for local communities depending on forestry projects to supplement their livelihoods..."
Creator/author:
Source/publisher: UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme)
2018-05-14
Date of entry/update: 2019-07-19
Grouping: Individual Documents
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Description: "I have often said that Myanmar is one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change on the planet. Numerous natural disasters befall the country every year, which stand to be exacerbated by a warming planet. Myanmar’s infrastructure to deal with these impacts is extremely limited, leaving millions of lives and livelihoods exposed to serious danger. My visit to both Nay Pyi Taw and Yangon was to understand how we can support efforts in the current political environment. I discussed these issues with senior government representatives, including the State Counsellor, Aung Sang Suu Kyi and the Minister of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation, Ohn Win. Business leaders and NGOs in Myanmar will play a critical role in tackling environmental issues, and so I also held talks with executives in Yangon and witnessed drone technology used by an NGO for mangrove replanting. Needless to say, the broader UN family is also hard at work across a number of priorities in Myanmar. I took the opportunity to be briefed by the UN country team on the current issues, and discussed how UN Environment can play a strategic role in building confidence in the UN with the Myanmar government and population..."
Creator/author: Erik Solheim
Source/publisher: United Nations Environment Programme
2018-02-08
Date of entry/update: 2019-06-11
Grouping: Individual Documents
Language: English
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Description: "The Government of Myanmar today announced its vision for the country’s environmental protection and climate action, launching two new policies that will guide Myanmar’s environmental management and climate change strategy. Myanmar is widely considered one of the most vulnerable countries in the world to the impacts of climate change, and its renowned biodiversity and natural resources are under increasing pressure as the country develops. More intense and more frequent floods, cyclones and droughts have caused immense loss of life and damage to infrastructure and the economy. President U Win Myint announced the two new policies – the National Environmental Policy and the Myanmar Climate Change Policy – at an event marking World Environment Day in the capital. More than 400 attended the announcement, including senior government officials from Union ministries, states and regions and representatives from civil society, academic institutions, businesses and the international community, including the acting UN Resident Coordinator and EU Ambassador. Speaking at the launch, the President said, “I am greatly honored to launch these policies in this auspicious ceremony. I have no doubt that we have confidence to achieve sustainable and harmonious development which balances economic, social and environmental pillars. I would like to urge Myanmar citizens to participate for the current and future sustainable development of our country by changing your daily lifestyles in order to support environmental conservation. And, I also would like to urge you again to beat air pollution as an important part of Myanmar’s sustainable development to benefit our society as a whole.” The new policies explicitly recognize the increasing threat of extreme weather and other climate change impacts to the country’s economic and social development and set out an ambition to transform Myanmar into a climate-resilient, low-carbon society that is sustainable, prosperous and inclusive. They are a culmination of five years of work spearheaded by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation (MoNREC) with support from UNDP and the Myanmar Climate Change Alliance, an effort funded by the European Union with technical support from UN Environment and UN-Habitat. Kristian Schmidt, Ambassador of the European Union to Myanmar, said “We Europeans have made a lot of mistakes in the past. We now see what we must change, and we are developing the policies and the technologies to do so. Today, we are no longer the largest emitter of greenhouse gases, we do not deny the science or the reality, and we are seeking binding international cooperation to address the urgency. I therefore hope our Myanmar partner will continue to see us as ambitious and reliable partners as humanity seeks to address what is probably the greatest risk ever posed to our survival and way of life." Among the principles in the policies that will serve to guide government decisions on environmental management are goals to realize healthy and functioning ecosystems and sustainable economic and social development. The two new policies will allow the Government to integrate the environment across all its development planning, particularly in harmony with the recently adopted Myanmar Sustainable Development Plan 2018-2030. Dechen Tsering, UN Environment’s Regional Director for Asia and the Pacific, said, “With these new policies, Myanmar is now better equipped to pursue sustainable development and mobilize resources to address climate change. Myanmar enjoys natural abundance and realizing the country’s potential will mean protecting and managing its environment well. UN Environment will continue to support Myanmar in these efforts every step of the way.” Peter Batchelor, Resident Representative of the UN Development Programme, said, “The future of Myanmar looks bright when we look at the vision for its environment and people that are provided by these important new policies. UNDP congratulates the Government of Myanmar for its continued commitment to a sustainable development agenda and is proud to have supported the development of the new National Environmental Policy. We will continue to help implement these new policies in partnership with the Government and other development partners.” UN-Habitat Country Programme Manager, Bijay Karmacharya said, “With the climate change policy, strategy and sectoral master plans in place, it is now time for implementation. Myanmar is now ready for concerted actions to combat the challenges of climate change. To do this, climate action shall be mainstreamed in annual planning and budgeting of line ministries.” Today’s announcement was made on the occasion of World Environment Day, the annual global celebration of our planet. Myanmar’s new policies support this year’s theme of #BeatAirPollution, which aims to spur action to reduce the airborne pollutants, many of which directly contribute to climate change, and which claim up to 7 million lives a year. Myanmar has not avoided this scourge. 62 per cent of child deaths from acute lower respiratory infections can be attributed to indoor air pollution. The National Environment Policy and Climate Change Policy will play an important role in helping to address this severe problem, as they mandate actions to reduce emissions of air pollutants including those that can impact the climate and are co-emitted with greenhouse gases..."
Source/publisher: United Nations Environment Programme
2019-06-05
Date of entry/update: 2019-06-09
Grouping: Individual Documents
Language: English
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Description: ''The goal of the Paris Agreement on climate change, as agreed at the Conference of the Parties in 2015, is to keep global temperature rise this century to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. It also calls for efforts to limit the temperature increase even further to 1.5 degrees Celsius. The annual UN Environment Emissions Gap Report presents an assessment of current national mitigation efforts and the ambitions countries have presented in their Nationally Determined Contributions, which form the foundation of the Paris Agreement...''
Creator/author: UN Environment
Source/publisher: United Nations Environment Programme
2018-11-27
Date of entry/update: 2018-11-28
Grouping: Individual Documents
Language: English
Format : pdf
Size: 5.94 MB
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