Arakanese/Rakhine/Rohingya history
Websites/Multiple Documents
Description:
Extensive and wide-ranging online collection of useful documents. The archive ends in October 2016 when Network Myanmar closed. The main link here, however, contains some updates beyond the 2016 cut-off.
Source/publisher:
Network Myanmar
Date of entry/update:
2014-09-25
Grouping:
Websites/Multiple Documents
Category:
Arakan (Rakhine) State - reports etc. by date (latest first), Arakan (Rakhine) State - reports etc. - academic, library and think-tank sources and individual scholars, Arakanese/Rakhine/Rohingya history
Language:
English
more
Individual Documents
Description:
"အမျိုးသားတန်းတူရေး၊ ကိုယ်ပိုင်ပြဌာန်းခွင့်ရရှိရေး၊ ကိုယ့်ကြမ္မာကိုယ်ဖန်တီးနိုင်ခွင့် ရရှိရေးနှင့် စစ်အာဏာရှင်စနစ် ဖြုတ်ချနိုင်ရေးအတွက် ရခိုင်ပြည်သူလူထုကိုဦးဆောင်ပြီး တော်လှန်ရေးတိုက်ပွဲများ ဆင်နွှဲနိုင်ရန်အတွက် ထူထောင်ခဲ့သည့် ရက္ခိုင့်တပ်တော်(AA)၏ (၁၃)နှစ်ပြည့်အခမ်းအနားသို့ ပြည်ထောင်စုသမ္မတမြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော်၊ အမျိုးသားညီညွတ်ရေးအစိုးရ ကိုယ်စား ဂုဏ်ပြုအသိအမှတ် ပြုအပ်ပါသည်။
အမျိုးသားညီညွတ်ရေးအစိုးရသည် အာဏာရှင်များ ခေတ်အဆက်ဆက်ကျင့်သုံးခဲ့သည့် လူမျိုးကြီးဝါဒနှင့် တပြည်ထောင်အုပ်ချုပ်ရေးစနစ်ကို အပြီးတိုင် ဖျက်သိမ်းပြီး တိုင်းရင်းသားလူမျိုး အားလုံး၏ တန်းတူညီမျှရေး၊ ကိုယ်ပိုင်ပြဌာန်းခွင့်နှင့် ကိုယ့်ကြမ္မာကိုယ်ဖန်တီးပိုင်ခွင့်ကို အာမခံသည့် နိုင်ငံရေးစနစ်သစ် ဖန်တီးနိုင်ရေး ကြိုးပမ်းဆောင်ရွက်လျက်ရှိပါသည်။
အမျိုးသားညီညွတ်ရေးအစိုးရအနေဖြင့် ယနေ့ကျရောက်သော ရက္ခိုင့်တပ်တော် (AA)၏ (၁၃)နှစ်ပြည့်အခမ်းအနား အောင်မြင်ပါစေကြောင်းနှင့် ရခိုင်လူမျိုးများနှင့်အတူ ရက္ခိုင့်တပ်တော်၏ နိုင်ငံရေးရည်မှန်းချက်များ ပြီးမြောက်အောင်မြင်ပါစေကြောင်း အထူးဆုမွန်ကောင်းတောင်းရင်း ဤသဝဏ်လွှာကို ပေးပို့အပ်ပါသည်။..."
Source/publisher:
President Office, National Unity Government
Date of publication:
2022-04-10
Date of entry/update:
2022-04-10
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
National Unity Government (NUG), Arakanese/Rakhine/Rohingya history, Politics, Government and Governance - Burma/Myanmar - general studies
Language:
Format :
pdf
Size:
250.76 KB
more
Description:
"HIGHLIGHTS:
WHO has been supporting the Government of Bangladesh through the Civil Surgeon’s office to develop a protocol for COVID-19 Antigen Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) pilot testing in the Cox’s Bazar district. During the reporting period, 9 health care workers from 3 different health care facilities in Cox’s Bazar have been trained on the COVID-19 Antigen RDT system.
WHO and the IPC Technical Working Group (ICP TWG) initiated a two-week hands-on mentorship on the use of the recently developed kobo reporting tool for IPC focal person at the SARI ITCs.
WHO and IOM, as chair and co-chair of the Emergency Preparedness and Response Technical Committee completed the After-Action Review (AAR) for the major fire that occurred in the camps on 22nd March 2021. Based on the findings revealed by the AAR, the number of MMTs have been increased to ensure a wider coverage and a prompt response in case of emergency.
WHO has closely collaborated with BBC Media Action in the production of a video series aimed at raising awareness on different health issues and improve health care seeking behaviour among Rohingya refugees.
SUBJECT IN FOCUS: Blood Transfusion Services in Cox’s Bazar: establishing public blood banks and transfusion centers at Upazila level..."
Source/publisher:
World Health Organization (Geneva) via "Reliefweb" (New York)
Date of publication:
2021-06-25
Date of entry/update:
2021-06-28
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
World Health Organisation (WHO), Burmese refugees in Bangladesh, Arakanese/Rakhine/Rohingya history
Language:
Format :
pdf
Size:
2.73 MB
more
Sub-title:
The Rohingyas were equal citizens and enjoyed all the rights and privileges as any other until 1982 when the Citizenship rules of Myanmar were re-written and this time it left out the Rohingya.
Description:
"Ethnic cleansing of the Rohingya – a reality: Many believe that the Rohingya have been a part of Myanmar well before the British colonists arrived and have been an integral part of the country ever since. They have been mostly concentrated in the Rakhine region of the country and have been subjected to horrific atrocities from time to time. There have been countless instances of genocide-like situations for the community before but nothing as brutal as what started in 2012 and has been going on ever since albeit with varying degrees of intensity. The events have plagued a stratum of people who have in many ways got used to living in conditions that are sub-human and have accepted the same as their destiny.
The world is aware of what has been going on in Myanmar for way too long now, but nothing has been done so far to save the countless lives that are being lost on a daily basis. As many as 800,000 people have been displaced from the Rakhine region into Bangladesh, Malaysia, Thailand, and India. Their living conditions in those countries are not better than what it would have been had they been at the mercy of Lucifer himself. The ones who were unlucky enough to stay back have faced a greater ordeal. They have been restricted to a concentration camp-like holding areas and have been denied basic human rights like the right to movement, medical treatment, etc. They are not allowed to work or earn and are forced to live off the scraps that the government gives them. There are no medical facilities in these camps and the one doctor who treats patients is not even a doctor. Children are dying of malnutrition and of diseases like dysentery and diarrhea that are easily treatable.....The silence of a Noble Peace Prize winner: It’s almost ironic that the Prime Minister-equivalent of Myanmar is 1991 Noble Peace prize winner Aung San Suu Kyi. Her father was the one who broke the shackles of colonialism and made the country in the image of a nation that gave equal rights and privileges to all citizens irrespective of their religion, caste, creed, etc. The Rohingya in Myanmar were equal citizens and enjoyed all the rights and privileges as any other until 1982 when the Citizenship rules of the country were re-written and this time it left out the Rohingya. Stripped off their honour and right to exist, they started crumbling under the oppression meted out to them by the security forces and the ethnic Rakhine Buddhists with whom they were sharing the land.
When Suu Kyi was questioned about the genocides of 2016 and beyond by a journalist, she replied by saying that she would not go so far as to call it a genocide. Shockingly, even after the truckload of evidence and testimonials at her disposal, she continues to shrug off the genocides by calling the evidences exaggerated and asking the world to ask the question “why the same was happening” instead of telling her that “it was happening”. That was one of the most perplexing statements that I heard from a world leader in a long time.....The impact of Ashin Wirathu and his 969 Movement: Ashin Wirathu, a Buddhist monk who was hailed by the then president of Myanmar as the son of Buddha has been known to be someone who has peddled his hate for the Muslim community under the guise of Nationalist fervour for long. He was even featured on the TIME Magazine cover with a headline that read “THE FACE OF BUDDHIST TERROR”. He was imprisoned on charges of inciting violence and was sentenced to 25 years imprisonment but with the situation in Myanmar changing and the need of a leader to mobilize mass emotion felt, he was given a pardon and released after serving 8 years of his sentence. The man immediately got back to his work and using his “969 Movement”, did exactly what the ones who had released him believed he would — spread chaos and violence with his venomous speeches.
Within a short span of time, he had incited enough hate to generate multiple riots. But he did something that was far more important for the government and military than any of the violence that he was inciting. He was able to integrate many different ethnic Buddhist groups under the common umbrella of “hatred for the Muslim Bengalis” and this let the government and the forces concentrate their full might on the Rohingya sidelining all the protest and the other disturbances from different ethnic groups that had plagued the country. The Buddhists completely forgot how brutally they were subdued by the very same government and military and were up in arms in support of what they were doing.....The Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army – retribution or mistake: The Rohingya, who had faced violence for so long finally found a voice in the Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army (ARSA), also known by its former name Harakah al-Yaqin (meaning Movement of Faith). The organization was founded by Ataullah Abu Ammar Jununi, a Karachi-born Rohingya who served as an imam to a 150,000 Rohingya diaspora in the city of Mecca. He received training under the Taliban in Karachi and arrived in Rakhine, Myanmar in 2012 coinciding with the beginning of the religious riots. On 9 October 2016, Ataullah led hundreds of insurgents to the Bangladesh-Myanmar border, where they attacked Burmese Border Police posts. A week later, Ataullah appeared in an online video, claiming responsibility for the attacks. Ataullah led a second large-scale attack on 25th August 2017, which resulted in the deaths of 71 people. This was just the instigation and reason that the Myanmar Army needed to get into action. Using the attacks as pretext, the army intensified its operations and cracked down with renewed vigour and never seen before horror. When asked if ARSA was a religion-based terrorist group in an interview, one of its members made it clear that they were not religious in nature and their struggle was only for the rights of the Rohingya many of whom were Hindus.....My views on the subject: It must be agreed that Myanmar’s Rohingya have been a subjugated lot for centuries. In the absence of the very basic of human rights, it is always possible for people to resort to violence especially when they are funded from outside. With the kind of torture and insults that the Myanmar Rohingya have had to face post-2012, it is no surprise that they rose up in revolt. The Myanmar government and the military used the violence on their part as a weapon against them and targeted not only terrorists but mostly innocent civilians. They threw small kids into burning houses. There was a woman who was attacked by the security forces and after being hit on the head, she fell unconscious. By the time she gained consciousness, she realized that she was raped by at least 20 different people. A 48-year-old man who, up till the attacks was a shopkeeper, never got to meet his son who was in another part of the same area and never made it back. He had a good life but he is now one of the 8 million refugees in Bangladesh lying in the mud and in a dilapidating thatched hut with 5 little children.
It is necessary to bring the terrorists to justice, but the law of my country has always taught me that it is ok to let 10 guilty escape rather than punish one innocent. That is the belief that we Indians have grown up with. To us what is happening to the Rohingya is beyond anything that we could ever learn to come to terms with. I am confident that there must have been other ways to deal with this situation. Many parts of my country are plagued by terrorism and radicalism, but we never see our military burning away villages or using helicopter-borne artillery targeting one and all. With piles of evidence and first-person accounts to contain with, it is left to be seen when the world community will do something about this ongoing genocide. It is also left to be seen if the Rohingya community will survive this extermination..."
Source/publisher:
EastMojo
Date of publication:
2021-05-18
Date of entry/update:
2021-05-19
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Arakan (Rakhine) State - reports etc. by date (latest first), Discrimination against the Rohingya, Genocide, Ethnic Cleansing, Rohingya (cultural, political etc.), Arakanese/Rakhine/Rohingya history, Statelessness in Burma/Myanmar, Burmese refugees in Bangladesh
Language:
more
Description:
"Thehall mark of the Myanmar Tatmadaw (armed forces) on embarking the ethnic cleansing policy has been rooted in the Myanmar philosophy of “The policy of a great nation” where one race could completely wiped out the other and in its place a new race appeared either by killing the other ethnic and by intermarrying the latter.
No doubt this policy of a great nation was the carbon copy from the Anglo-Americans, where history has it that when William the Conquerer of Normandy of France (1066-1087) conquered the Saxons of England, they not only killed the men but married their women and become a strong nation, England, in as much as the European Caucasians killed the aborigines (Red Indians) married their women and become a great nation of America and Canada. So also now the Myanmar are doing the same to the other non-Myanmar ethnic nationalities of Shan, Chin, Kachin, Karen, Karenni, Mon and Arakanese (Rakhine) including several smaller ethnics and tribes and what more prove is wanted, when every non Myanmar ethnic race have no choice but is being forced to rebel against the marauding Tatmadaw. The atrocities of the Myanmar Tatmadaw implementing on the Rohingya is the carbon copy of what the Myanmar king Bodawpaya (1782-1819) has done to the Arakanese as one can enquire in any old Arakanese records or read the Arakanese history.
No doubt, the Union of Burma was founded by consensus in 1947, in a small Shan village of Panglong (Myanmar endeavour to replace with the Burmese word of Pinlon) next to Loilem in Southern Shan States. Even in that historical agreement, the Arakanese and the Mon representatives were not invited, being treated as a conquered race, which is a small part of the Mahar Myanmar race..."
Source/publisher:
"Eurasia Review"
Date of publication:
2020-06-13
Date of entry/update:
2020-06-14
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Arakan (Rakhine) State - reports etc. by date (latest first), Arakanese/Rakhine/Rohingya history
Language:
more
Description:
"BURMA?S MUSLIM BORDERLAND...
Arakan State, in western Burma, was the scene in 1978 of a mass exodus of some 200,000 Muslims into Bangladesh. Though most of the refugees were subsequently allowed back, Muslims in Arakan still suffer harassment from the authorities. Martin Smith examines recent developments in Arakan, and the plethora of groups there opposing the central government."
Source/publisher:
"Inside Asia" February-March 1986
Date of publication:
1986-03-00
Date of entry/update:
2018-02-04
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Arakan (Rakhine) State - reports etc. by date (latest first), Arakanese/Rakhine/Rohingya history
Language:
Format :
pdf
Size:
1.06 MB
Local URL:
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Description:
"The following
monograph
is
a draft background paper from
a presentation delivered
at a conference, ?The Muslim ?Rohingyas? of Burma”, organised
by the Burma
Centrum Nederland
in Amsterdam in December 1995. Given the paucity of available
data
at the time, the paper did not seek to be definitive. Rather, it was intended as a
draft for discussion, explaining dilemmas that the author had come across during the
previous decade when researching about ethnic politics in the country. The hope was
that, with the door to
Burma
gradually opening, other
analysts
and researchers would
be able to develop understanding about the sensitive ethnic
and political issues
involved.
Since this time,
the crisis in the Arakan-Bangladesh borderlands has further worsened,
with new violence, refugee outflows and a broader spread of ethnic nationality and
Buddhist-Muslim tensions within the country. In response, there has been greater
international awareness and research inter
est, but the divisions in local society and
politics have only become deeper.
This
monograph,
still
as a background draft for consultation, was published by the
Burma Centrum Nederland in a ?Rohingya Reader II” in October 1996. Scanned
versions have also
appeared on the Internet.
This version is a 2017-generated
document in
PDF. The original text has been maintained, and there are no updates. It
is intended that the text should be read in the context of the understandings and
landscape of the
Arakan-Bangladesh
borderlands in 1995."
Source/publisher:
Burma Centrum Nederland, Author
Date of publication:
1995-12-11
Date of entry/update:
2018-02-03
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Arakan (Rakhine) State - reports etc. by date (latest first), Rohingya (cultural, political etc.), Arakanese/Rakhine/Rohingya history
Language:
Format :
pdf
Size:
180.84 KB
more
Description:
"Public discussions around Rohingya people currently fleeing violence in Rakhine state, Myanmar, have often involved arguments about history. While critical historical analysis is useful in offering insights into conflicts, History—if treated as a single, knowable past—is not. This is especially true when dealing with ethnicity. Whatever the past was, no amount of historical research can justify the current violence against Rohingya people..."
Jonathan Saha
Source/publisher:
"New Mandala"
Date of publication:
2017-09-17
Date of entry/update:
2017-09-18
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
more
Description:
British Gazeteers and Other Reports: Extract from the 1917 Gazetteer of Akyab (Sittwe + Maungdaw Districts): R B Smart
Mr. R. B. Smart
Source/publisher:
Burma gazetteer, Volume A, Rangoon 1917 via Network Myanmar
Date of publication:
1917-00-00
Date of entry/update:
2015-11-03
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Arakan (Rakhine) State - reports etc. by date (latest first), Arakanese/Rakhine/Rohingya history
Language:
English
more
Description:
A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (History) in The University of Michigan 1999.....1. INTRODUCTION:
Arakan, "The Palestine of the Farther East";
Previous Historiography;
Structure of Argument...
2. IN THE REALM OF DANGERS AND STRANGERS: THE ROOTS
OF ARAKANESE CULTURE AND SOCIETY:
The Five Zones of the Arakanese Kingdom;
The Realm of Dangers: Environmental Threats in Danra-waddy
and Banga;
Responses to the Natural Environment: Human Settlement,
Mobility, and Migration;
The Realm of Strangers: Migrations From the Irrawaddy Valley;
Coping With the Human Environment: Charisma and Patron-
client Ties;
The Familial State and Political Devolution in Early Modem
Arakan;
Summary...
3. BUDDHIST OR MUSLIM RULERS? MODELS OF KINGSHIP IN
ARAKAN IN THE FOURTEENTH TO SIXTEENTH CENTURIES:
Strengthening Central Kingship;
The Spread of the Irra-waddy Valley (Burman) Model of of Rulership;
Sultanship: Islamic or Bengali Model of Rulership?
Summary...
4. MONKS, TEXTS, AND SECTS: THE EMERGENCE OF THERAVADA:
The Introduction of Buddhism into the Arakan Littoral;
Arakanese Buddhist Interaction With Sri Lanka and the Irra-waddy Valley;
Maritime Connections;
Trans-Roma Connections;
The Troubled Sangha: Tensions Between Gama-vasi and Aranya-vasi Sect;s
Gama-vasi Monks;
Aranya-vasi Monks;
Min-raza-kri and Sasana "Reform";
Summary...
5. RELIGION BEYOND THE ROYAL CITY: THE EMERGENCE OF THERAVADA BUDDHISM AND ROYAL PATRONAGE IN THE RURAL:
Expansion of Theravada Buddhist Influence;
Bringing the People to Buddha;
Bringing Buddha to the People;
Forest Monks and Village Monks;
Buddhist Festivals;
Making the Buddha Local;
Royal Patronage in the Countryside: Embedding Royal Authority;
The Catholic Priest as Pawn: Royal Patronage and Coastal Luso-Arakanese Communities;
Summary...
6.FROM CAPTIVES TO LORDS AND LABORERS: MUSLIMS IN ARAKAN IN THE SEVENTEENTH AND EIGHTEENTH CENTURIES:
Early Muslims and Itinerant Muslim Traders in the Arakan Littoral; Captive Raids;
The Purposes and Organization of the Luso-Arakanese Slave-Raids;
The Demographics of Slave-Raiding: the Banglacization of Danra-waddy;
Original Locale and Religious "Identities" of the Captives;
Muslims in Danra-waddy;
Servants to the Soil;
Muslims in the Court and Capital;
Summary...
7. THE TIME OF TROUBLES: THE DECLINE OF CENTRAL KINGSHIP AND RELIGIOUS PATRONAGE, 1630s-1690s:
Arakan: Within or Without the Islamic World?
The Decimation of Mrauk-U?s Upper Elite Strata in the Late 1630s;
Shah Shuja and the Muslim "Other";
Mughal Conquest of the Northern Littoral;
Heightened Royal Patronage of Buddhism under Sanda-thu-dhamma-raza and Ukka-bala;
Decline of the Central Court and the Rise of the Ko-rans;
Summary...
8. WHEN THINGS FALL APART: THE DEVOLUTION OF POLITICS AND RELIGIOUS PATRONAGE IN THE LATE SEVENTEENTH AND EIGHTEENTH CENTURIES :
The Aggrandizement of the Rural Gentry;
When Things Fell Apart: Rural Rebellion and Warfare
in the Arakan Littoral;
Natural Chaos;
Forging New Communities;
Flight and External Religious and Cultural Influence;
Religious Devotion and Millennialism;
The Rural Gentry as New Centralizers;
Order From the Outside;
Summary...
9. THE BURMANIZATION OF ARAKAN, 1780s-1820s :
Burman Interest in the Arakanese and Arakanese Buddhism;
From Attraction to Rule: The Political Impact of Burman Expansion Into Arakan, 1784-5;
Dismantling the Attractive Center;
From Attraction to Political Centralization;
Religious Centralization and Control;
Colonizing Tradition;
Summary...
10. ONE LAND, TWO PEOPLES: THE EMERGENCE OF RELIGIOUS
COMMUNALISM IN NINETEENTH CENTURY ARAKAN:
Continuity and Change of the Rural Gentry;
Competition for Agricultural Land;
British Colonial Favoritism in Land Settlement;
Necessity of Collective Action;
Collective Action;
Changes in Religious Patronage;
Communalism;
Summary...
11. CONCLUSION...
APPENDICES...
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Charney, Michael W
Source/publisher:
PhD thesis. University of Michigan.
Date of publication:
1999-00-00
Date of entry/update:
2015-11-03
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Arakanese/Rakhine/Rohingya history
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
9.47 MB
more
Description:
British Census Records and Reports 1872-1931: An Account of Indians in the 1931 Census, Chapter XII
Source/publisher:
British Foreign Office via Network Myanmar
Date of publication:
1931-00-00
Date of entry/update:
2015-11-02
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Arakan (Rakhine) State - reports etc. - governmental sources (non-Myanmar), Arakan (Rakhine) State - reports etc. by date (latest first), Rohingya (cultural, political etc.), Discrimination against the Rohingya, Arakanese/Rakhine/Rohingya history, 1931 census
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
1.28 MB
more
Description:
British Census Records and Reports 1872-1931: Chapter 11 on Race and Caste from the 1921 Census
Source/publisher:
British Foreign Office via Network Myanmar
Date of publication:
1921-00-00
Date of entry/update:
2015-11-02
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Arakan (Rakhine) State - reports etc. - governmental sources (non-Myanmar), Arakanese/Rakhine/Rohingya history, Discrimination against the Rohingya, Rohingya (cultural, political etc.), Arakan (Rakhine) State - reports etc. by date (latest first)
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
5.72 MB
more
Description:
British Census Records and Reports 1872-1931: Extract on Arakan from the 1872 Census
Source/publisher:
British Foreign Office via Network Myanmar
Date of publication:
1872-00-00
Date of entry/update:
2015-11-02
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Arakan (Rakhine) State - reports etc. - governmental sources (non-Myanmar), Arakanese/Rakhine/Rohingya history, Discrimination against the Rohingya, Rohingya (cultural, political etc.), Arakan (Rakhine) State - reports etc. by date (latest first), 1872 Census
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
2.11 MB
more
Description:
British Census Records and Reports 1872-1931: Extract on Indian, including seasonal migration, from the 1911 Census
Source/publisher:
British Foreign Office via Network Myanmar
Date of publication:
1911-00-00
Date of entry/update:
2015-11-02
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Arakan (Rakhine) State - reports etc. - governmental sources (non-Myanmar), Arakanese/Rakhine/Rohingya history, Discrimination against the Rohingya, Rohingya (cultural, political etc.), Arakan (Rakhine) State - reports etc. by date (latest first), 1911 census
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
2.51 MB
more
Description:
British Census Records and Reports 1872-1931: Extract on Race from the 1901 Census
Source/publisher:
British Foreign Office via Network Myanmar
Date of publication:
1901-00-00
Date of entry/update:
2015-11-02
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Arakan (Rakhine) State - reports etc. - governmental sources (non-Myanmar), Arakanese/Rakhine/Rohingya history, Discrimination against the Rohingya, Rohingya (cultural, political etc.), Arakan (Rakhine) State - reports etc. by date (latest first), 1901 census
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
579.48 KB
more
Description:
British Census Records and Reports 1872-1931: Extract on Race from the 1911 Census
Source/publisher:
British Foreign Office via Network Myanmar
Date of publication:
1911-00-00
Date of entry/update:
2015-11-02
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Arakan (Rakhine) State - reports etc. - governmental sources (non-Myanmar), Arakanese/Rakhine/Rohingya history, Discrimination against the Rohingya, Rohingya (cultural, political etc.), Arakan (Rakhine) State - reports etc. by date (latest first), 1911 census
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
1.36 MB
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Description:
British Census Records and Reports 1872-1931: Extract on Religion from the 1891 Census
Source/publisher:
British Foreign Office via Network Myanmar
Date of publication:
1891-00-00
Date of entry/update:
2015-11-02
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Arakanese/Rakhine/Rohingya history, Arakan (Rakhine) State - reports etc. - governmental sources (non-Myanmar), Discrimination against the Rohingya, Rohingya (cultural, political etc.), Arakan (Rakhine) State - reports etc. by date (latest first), 1891 Census
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
365.68 KB
more
Description:
British Census Records and Reports 1872-1931: Extracts from the 1881 Census
Source/publisher:
British Foreign Office via Network Myanmar
Date of publication:
1881-00-00
Date of entry/update:
2015-11-02
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Arakan (Rakhine) State - reports etc. - governmental sources (non-Myanmar), Arakanese/Rakhine/Rohingya history, Discrimination against the Rohingya, Rohingya (cultural, political etc.), Arakan (Rakhine) State - reports etc. by date (latest first), 1881 Census
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
1.22 MB
more
Description:
British Census Records and Reports 1872-1931: Tables on Race and Language in the 1931 Census
Source/publisher:
British Foreign Office via Network Myanmar
Date of publication:
1931-00-00
Date of entry/update:
2015-11-02
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Arakan (Rakhine) State - reports etc. - governmental sources (non-Myanmar), Arakanese/Rakhine/Rohingya history, Discrimination against the Rohingya, Rohingya (cultural, political etc.), Arakan (Rakhine) State - reports etc. by date (latest first), 1931 census
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
392.39 KB
more
Aye Chan
Source/publisher:
The Kanda Journal of Global and Area Studies, Vol.2, 2011 via Network Myanmar
Date of publication:
2011-00-00
Date of entry/update:
2015-11-01
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Arakanese/Rakhine/Rohingya history
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
920.01 KB
more
Source/publisher:
Network Myanmar
Date of publication:
1964-01-28
Date of entry/update:
2015-11-01
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Arakan (Rakhine) State - reports etc. by date (latest first), Arakanese/Rakhine/Rohingya history
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
1.36 MB
more
U Shw zan, Dr. Aye Chan
Source/publisher:
Published by Arakanes in United States by Network Myanmar
Date of publication:
2005-08-00
Date of entry/update:
2015-11-01
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Arakanese/Rakhine/Rohingya history
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
381.46 KB
more
Source/publisher:
Network Myanmar
Date of publication:
1975-12-23
Date of entry/update:
2015-11-01
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Arakanese/Rakhine/Rohingya history
Language:
English
more
Khin Maung Saw
Source/publisher:
Network Myanmar
Date of publication:
2013-00-00
Date of entry/update:
2015-10-30
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
153.86 KB
more
Description:
1. Background: "In 1971 the Independence War in East Pakistan broke out. In Bangladesh this war was officially
known as ?Bangladesh Liberation War? which started on 26th March 1971 and ended on 16th
December
of
the same year. At that time, there were about one and a half million to two million
Bengali war refugees in Arakan Division of Burma according to BBC . In the mean time, there
were more than ten million war refugees on Indian soil. India was open and immediately called
international organizations such as International Committee of Red Cross CRC (Red Crescent in
Muslim countries), Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO), World Food Program (WFP) and
United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) and others for help. On the other hand,
the Revolutionary Council Government of Burma headed by Gen. Ne Win was too much afraid of
international organizations
entering
Burma
as he
wanted Burma to stay as an isolated state.
He also
wanted to deal under the table with the newly formed Bangladeshi Government. He
recognized Bangladesh immediately,
which caused
tensions between Pakistan and Burma.
He then
had to send a special envoy to Pakistan to explain the situation.
If the then Burmese Government and Ne Win were wise and open like India, the international
organisations would have accepted these war refugees
who fled into Arakan
as "East Pakistani or
Bangladeshi Refugees inside Burma", and not the other way round like now. In fact, most of the
people who claim to be the ?Rohingya? nowadays are the descendants of
those
who crossed the
border and settled down inside Burma in 1971 during the Bangladesh Liberation War
as well as
illegal immigrants brought by them
at a
later
period.
Evidence of this lies in the fact that this group
cannot speak any languages spoken in Burma..."
Khin Maung Saw
Source/publisher:
Network Myanmar
Date of publication:
2014-00-00
Date of entry/update:
2015-10-30
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
184.8 KB
more
Khin Maung Saw
Source/publisher:
Network Myanmar
Date of publication:
2011-09-00
Date of entry/update:
2015-10-30
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
680.07 KB
more
Description:
Introduction: "The monsoon season in South and Southeast Asia brings catastrophes to these regions every
year. Storms, cyclones and floods are yearly events which bring about loss of crops and lives
and heavy human migrations, particularly in certain areas.
At such a time in the year
1991, news of Muslims fleeing
from Arakan (Rakhine State of
Burma) to Bangladesh broke out. The Burmese
Army as well as the Bangladeshi Army
posted along the Arakan-
Bangladesh border was increased, and both sides accused each
other of violating the peaceful
co-existence of neighbours. Consequently, the issue of military
abuses against the "Rohingyas" in
Arakan was raised. This was vehemently denied by the
military government in Rangoon (Yangon). They
stated that Burmese immigration authorities
were undertaking a routine check of illegal immi
grants along the country?s
different borders and
claimed that most of the "Rohingyas" were illegal immigrants or new settlers coming from
overpopulated Bangladesh because
of natural catastrophes, hunger and other reasons. This
was also vehemently denied by the Bangladeshi authorities.
In the mean time, the number of
people on the Bangladeshi side
grew so that in December
1991 some newspapers reported t
hat about 200,000 (two hundr
ed thousand) were already
concentrated there. However,
the number of refugees according
to Bertil Lintner was nearly
20,000 (twenty thousand)2. It can not be ruled out becaus
e of printing error one zero was not
there (by Bertil Lintner) and therefore, it became twenty thousand instead of two hundred
thousand..."
U Khin Maung Saw
Source/publisher:
Network Myanmar
Date of publication:
2005-00-00
Date of entry/update:
2015-10-30
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
372.99 KB
more
U Khin Maung Saw
Source/publisher:
International Conference, Bernlin, 7-9 May, 1993 via Network Myanmar
Date of publication:
1993-05-09
Date of entry/update:
2015-10-30
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
630.32 KB
more
Source/publisher:
Network Myanmar
Date of publication:
1948-10-25
Date of entry/update:
2015-10-29
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Arakanese/Rakhine/Rohingya history
Language:
English
more
Description:
Order: "Republic of the Union of Myanmar, President Office, Order No. 16/2014, 7th Waxing of Tabodwe, 1375 ME(6 February, 2014): Formation of Investigation
Commission: Regarding the incidents occurred at Ducheertan
village and Ducheertan west village in Maungtaw Town-
ship of Rakhine State on 13 January and 28 January,
2014, an ?Investigation Commission” comprising the
following persons has been formed in order to disclose
the real cause of the incidents..."
Source/publisher:
New Light of Myanmar via Network Myanmar
Date of publication:
2014-02-07
Date of entry/update:
2015-10-29
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
490.59 KB
more
Source/publisher:
Central Arakanese Muslim Refugee Organisation via Network Myanmar
Date of publication:
1949-12-22
Date of entry/update:
2015-10-29
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Arakanese/Rakhine/Rohingya history
Language:
English
Format :
jpg
Size:
959.65 KB
more
Source/publisher:
Central Arakanese Muslim Refugee Organisation via Network Myanmar
Date of publication:
1949-12-22
Date of entry/update:
2015-10-29
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Arakanese/Rakhine/Rohingya history
Language:
English
Format :
jpg
Size:
1.45 MB
more
Description:
"Notes on Arakan 1834-1844 - Rev. GS Comstock American Baptist Missionary in That Country from 1834 to 1844"
Source/publisher:
Network Myanmar
Date of publication:
1844-00-00
Date of entry/update:
2015-10-29
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Arakanese/Rakhine/Rohingya history
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
2.71 MB
more
Description:
Related to No. 26: Notification No. 110 A-CC/42 dated 31 December 1942
Source/publisher:
Network Myanmar
Date of publication:
1942-12-31
Date of entry/update:
2015-10-29
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Arakanese/Rakhine/Rohingya history
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
146.01 KB
more
Description:
Full report by the Investigation Commission [on " the incidents occurred at Ducheertan village and Ducheertan west village, Maungtaw Township, Rakhine state on 13-28 January"]
Source/publisher:
Investigation Commission via Network Myanmar
Date of publication:
2014-00-00
Date of entry/update:
2015-10-29
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Language:
Burmese (မြန်မာဘာသာ)
more
Description:
Representations to Mr Bottomley (PUS) by the Jamiat Ul Ulema North Arakan - 24 February1947
Source/publisher:
Network Myanmar
Date of publication:
1947-02-24
Date of entry/update:
2015-10-29
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Arakanese/Rakhine/Rohingya history
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
1.1 MB
more
Description:
"I wrote about Rakhaing Kaman Muslims, the descendants of Shah Shujah?s followers in a previous
article entitled "Shah Shujah in Arakan" which was published in this
magazine Vol VI, No. 9 for the
month of September 1959. Now I take great pleasure in writing about the Muslims who stepped into
the soil of Arakan and settled in the country before Shah Shujah took refuge with the Arakanese king
Sandathudamma (1652-1684) in 1660.
History says that the early Muslims had entered Arakan firstly through its coastal parts and secondly
through its mountain passes. They were all military races of Arabia and India. They came to Arakan
as traders, missionaries, warriors and refugees. They were welcomed and well treated by their
honesty, loyalty, bravery and the good services rendered by them.
While the Arabs were masters of both Western and Eastern Waters they had found Arakan a suitable
land for many purposes. Arakan, as history says it, became a developed and economical country
establishing active commercial relations with Arab traders. Many historical edifices known as
Badermakans are still found in Arakan..."
U Ba Tha
Source/publisher:
The Guardian, Rangoon Vol VII., No. 5 via Network Myanmar
Date of publication:
1960-05-00
Date of entry/update:
2015-10-29
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Arakanese/Rakhine/Rohingya history
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
182.61 KB
more
Description:
"Text of Memorandum by the Jamait-e-Ulema to the Burmese Government - 18 June 1948"
Source/publisher:
Network Myanmar
Date of publication:
1948-06-18
Date of entry/update:
2015-10-29
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Arakanese/Rakhine/Rohingya history
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
81.71 KB
more
Source/publisher:
Arakan Muslim Conference, Ethangyaw District, Akyab, Arakan, Burma via Network Myanmar
Date of publication:
1951-06-16
Date of entry/update:
2015-10-28
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Arakanese/Rakhine/Rohingya history
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
292.45 KB
more
Description:
"I wrote about Rakhaing Kaman Muslims, the descendants of Shah Shujah?s followers in a previous
article entitled "Shah Shujah in Arakan" which was published in this
magazine Vol VI, No. 9 for the
month of September 1959. Now I take great pleasure in writing about the Muslims who stepped into
the soil of Arakan and settled in the country before Shah Shujah took refuge with the Arakanese king
Sandathudamma (1652-1684) in 1660.
History says that the early Muslims had entered Arakan firstly through its coastal parts and secondly
through its mountain passes. They were all military races of Arabia and India. They came to Arakan
as traders, missionaries, warriors and refugees. They were welcomed and well treated by their
honesty, loyalty, bravery and the good services rendered by them.
While the Arabs were masters of both Western and Eastern Waters they had found Arakan a suitable
land for many purposes. Arakan, as history says it, became a developed and economical country
establishing active commercial relations with Arab traders. Many historical edifices known as
Badermakans are still found in Arakan.
From the 8th to the 16th century Muslim influence was very strong and they
controlled the maritime
trade between the Persian Gulf and Indonesia, including Arakan. Ibn Khurdad Zabeh (844-8480, one
of the Arab geographers, mentions Lower Burma under the name of Rahmanyadesa. The Arab
missionaries and historians, Sulaiman (851 A.D.), Ibn Faquih (902 A.D.) named Arakan as Rahma
while Ibn Batuta called it as Arcan which was corrupted from the Arabic original word "Al-recon",
meaning discipline. Under the British Rule people wrote it as Arakan..."
U Ba Tha
Source/publisher:
The Guardian, Vol VII., No. 5 via Network Myanmar
Date of publication:
1960-05-00
Date of entry/update:
2015-10-28
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Arakanese/Rakhine/Rohingya history
Language:
English
more
U Ba Tha
Source/publisher:
The Guardian Magazine via Net Myanmar
Date of publication:
1956-09-00
Date of entry/update:
2015-10-28
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Arakanese/Rakhine/Rohingya history
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
1.35 MB
more
Description:
"I wrote about the Roewengyas, the descendants of Arabs, Pathans and the then immigrants from
Bengal in a previous article entitled "Roewengyasn Arakan" which was published in this magazine?s Vol: VII, No. 5 for May 1960. Now I take great pleasure in writing about the North Arakan people who
descended from the captives of Bengal who were captured by the Portuguese and the Arakanese
pirates.
Slave raids were made by the Arakanese Mughs and Portuguese. The Portuguese were crusaders,
conquerors and traders. They came to eastern countries after Vasco da Gama had found the sea route to India. Vasco da Gama with 160 men in three
small ships sailed to
India on the
8th of July
1497, and at Melinde on the African coast he engaged an India pilot with whose assistance they
crossed the Arabian Sea, and on the 20th
May 1498 they arrived at Calicut, the port on the West
Coast of India, and the capital of an independent Hindu Kingdom..."
U Ba Tha
Source/publisher:
The Guardian Magazine, Rangoon, Vol VII, No. 10 via Network Myanmar
Date of publication:
1960-10-00
Date of entry/update:
2015-10-28
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Arakanese/Rakhine/Rohingya history
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
243.26 KB
more
Source/publisher:
The Guardian Magazine via Network Myanmar
Date of publication:
1960-08-00
Date of entry/update:
2015-10-28
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Arakanese/Rakhine/Rohingya history
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
336.92 KB
more
Source/publisher:
?The Nation” (Volume No. XIII Regd No. 177, No.105, Rangoon, Burma) via Network Myanmar
Date of publication:
1960-10-27
Date of entry/update:
2015-10-27
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Arakanese/Rakhine/Rohingya history
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
201.53 KB
more
Ba Tha (Buthidaung)
Source/publisher:
The Guardian via Network Myanmar
Date of publication:
1964-11-00
Date of entry/update:
2015-10-27
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Arakanese/Rakhine/Rohingya history
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
1.46 MB
more
Ba Tha (Buthidaung)
Source/publisher:
The Guardian Magazine, Vol. 8, No. 2 ( February 1961 ) via Network Myanmar
Date of publication:
1961-02-00
Date of entry/update:
2015-10-27
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Arakanese/Rakhine/Rohingya history
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
424.33 KB
Local URL:
more
Ba Tha (Buthidaung)
Source/publisher:
Guardian Magazine March 1965 via Network Myanmar
Date of publication:
1965-03-00
Date of entry/update:
2015-10-24
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Arakanese/Rakhine/Rohingya history
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
2.44 MB
more
Ba Tha (Buthidaung)
Source/publisher:
The Islamic Review, England via Network Myanmar
Date of publication:
1966-04-00
Date of entry/update:
2015-10-24
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Arakanese/Rakhine/Rohingya history
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
2.2 MB
more
M.A Tahir Ba Tha
Source/publisher:
Kaladan News via Network Myanmar
Date of publication:
2007-09-13
Date of entry/update:
2015-10-24
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Arakanese/Rakhine/Rohingya history
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
377.67 KB
more
Peter Nicolaus
Source/publisher:
Network Myanmar
Date of publication:
1995-08-04
Date of entry/update:
2015-10-04
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Arakanese/Rakhine/Rohingya history
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
1.36 MB
more
Description:
"A History of Arakan: Past and Present,
by Dr. Mohammad Yunus, President of the
Rohingya Solidarity Organisation (RSO), Arakan, is a a welcome addition to the present
stock of our knowledge about the history
of Arakan and her interrelation with
neighbouring lands of Burma and Bengal.
It deals mainly with the advent of Islam
in Arakan about 800 C.E. and the eventual
growth of Muslim community
through thick and thin into
a major Rohingya community
of the country.
One can say unhasitatingly that for the first time
Dr. Yunus has been able to offer, even if
in a skeleton form, a connected and continuous history of the Rohingya community of
Arakan from the earliest down to the present
time. He has explored
an enormously wide
field in digging up a great variety of new materials drawn from an impressive number of
references. Specially commendable in this work
is the forging of all the material under
his command towards a new direction of
studying the history of the Rohingya Muslim
community in the perspective of the impact of
Islamic civilization on Southeast Asia, not
merely considering it as a part of the national or political history of Burma or Myanmar..."
Mohammed Yunus
Source/publisher:
Network Myanmar
Date of publication:
1994-00-00
Date of entry/update:
2015-10-04
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Arakanese/Rakhine/Rohingya history
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
2.05 MB
Local URL:
more
Description:
"A preliminary point I want to highlight is that, while Burma has many complex ethnic problems, the plight of the Muslims of Arakan is by far the most tense and difficult of all the ethnic problems I have encountered in over a decade of writing on the political and ethnic situation in Burma. Firstly, there is a strong element of ethnic communalism, which has resulted in periodic but unpredictable outbreaks of social violence and upheaval; secondly, there are strong religious undercurrents which relate to the situation of all Muslims in Burma at large; and, thirdly, there is an intransigence on the part of many of the main protagonists, which has made the finding of lasting solutions so very difficult.
In addition, it is important to bear in mind that, after decades of isolation, the whole crisis is overshadowed by a complete absence of reliable anthropological or social field research, which means that different sides continue to circulate - or even invent - very different versions of the same people?s histories.
Well, as the whole world is now aware, all these unresolved issues have once again come to a violent head in the seven years since the State Law and Order Restoration Council or SLORC assumed power in Rangoon - and, sadly, as so often in Burma?s troubled past it is innocent civilians and villagers, caught in the middle, who are the main victims..."
Martin Smith
Source/publisher:
Network Myanmar
Date of publication:
2006-10-11
Date of entry/update:
2015-10-04
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Arakanese/Rakhine/Rohingya history
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
133.16 KB
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Description:
CONTENTS: I. Muslims in Burma in the Days of the Kings...
The Beginnings of Muslim Settlement in the Irrawaddy Valley...
Muslim Settlement in Arakan...
Why Burma Did Not Become Muslim ......
II. Muslims in Burma During British Rule:
Immigration from India...
Organizations of Muslim Immigrants from India..
Organizations of Burmese Muslims....
The Burma Moslem Society...
The General Council of Burma Moslem Associations...
The Renaissance Movement...
The Japanese Occupation......
III. Muslims in Burma Since Independence:
Structural Changes in the Muslim Community...
The General Council of Burman Moslem Associations...
The Burma Muslim Congress...
The Burma Muslim Organization...
The Indian Muslims after World War II...
Religious Activities...
The Arakanese Muslims......
IV. Conclusion:
Major Aspects of Muslim Community Life......
Appendices:
A. How Many Muslims Are There in Burma?...
B. Legislation on Islamic Subjects ...
C. Various Documents of the General Council of Burman Moslem Associations ...
D. Muslim Press ...
E. Persons Interviewed ...
F. Burma Newspapers Consulted...
Bibliography...
Indices...
Personal Names...
Geographical Names...
Institutions...
Groups.
Moshe Yegar
Source/publisher:
NetIPR
Date of publication:
1972-00-00
Date of entry/update:
2014-09-26
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Arakan (Rakhine) State - reports etc. by date (latest first), Rohingya (cultural, political etc.), Arakanese/Rakhine/Rohingya history
Language:
English
more
Date of publication:
1811-12-00
Date of entry/update:
2012-09-30
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Arakanese/Rakhine/Rohingya history
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
576.46 KB
more
Description:
Mujahideen surrender to Burma Army in 1961 at Buthi Daung township of Rakhine State, Robbi Hular lead to Mujahid group and General Aung Gyi accepted and welcome to surrender group.... ၁၉၆၁ ခုနှစ်က ရခိုင်ပြည်နယ် ဘူးသီးတောင် မြို့နယ် တွင် မူဂျာဟီဒင် သူပုန်အုပ်စုကို ရော်ဘီဟူလာ ဦးဆောင်၍ လက်နက် ချ၊ ဗိုလ် မှူးချုပ်အောင်ကြီးမှ လက်နက်ချ သူများကို လက်ခံကြိုဆို။
Source/publisher:
Burma Army
Date of publication:
1961-07-18
Date of entry/update:
2012-09-30
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Arakanese/Rakhine/Rohingya history
Language:
Burmese/ မြန်မာဘာသာ
Format :
pdf
Size:
1.98 MB
more
Description:
Abstract: "The Arakanese kingdom (Rakhine state in modern Myanmar) grew from the fifteenth century AD from a small agrarian state with its nucleus in the hart of the Kaladan valley to a significant local power by the early seventeenth century. Arakan asserted its influence across the northern shores of the Bay of Bengal. In the first decades of the seventeenth century the Arakanese kings of Mrauk U received tribute from local rulers between Dhaka and Pegu, cities more than a thousand miles apart. The Mughal rulers of Bengal were even forced to build a string of forts to defend the areas around Dhaka and Hugli against Arakanese incursions. From the middle of the seventeenth century the Arakanese state was gripped by a seemingly sudden decline that would culminate in civil war at the end of the seventeenth century and the loss of control over south-eastern Bengal, followed by the conquest of Arakan by the Burmese in the eighteenth century. The rapid rise and decline of the Arakanese state between the early fifteenth and the end of the seventeenth century is the subject of this dissertation."... Keywords: Arakan,
Bay of Bengal,
Bengal,
Burma,
History,
Mrauk U,
Mughal,
Rakhine,
State formation,
VOC.
Stephan van Galen
Source/publisher:
van Galen, S.E.A., 2008, Doctoral thesis, Leiden University
Date of publication:
2008-03-13
Date of entry/update:
2012-08-04
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Arakanese/Rakhine/Rohingya history
Language:
English
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Description:
"Arakan history expert Dr. Jacques P. Leider gives an exclusive interview to The Irrawaddy in light of the recent sectarian strife in western Burma. Leider has been conducting research as well as contributing articles to academic journals on Arakan State for more than two decades. He has worked with SEAMEO-CHAT, the regional center for history and tradition in Rangoon, and is currently head of the French School of Asian Studies in Chiang Mai, Thailand."
Jacques Leider (interviewed by "The Irrawaddy")
Source/publisher:
"The Irrawaddy"
Date of publication:
2012-07-12
Date of entry/update:
2012-08-04
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Arakanese/Rakhine/Rohingya history
Language:
English
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Description:
"In the past, the people who called themselves ?Rohingya” had to contend with successive
military governments? indifference to recognizing — or regularizing - their status as persons
living on the territory of Myanmar. The latest incidence of anger against the Rohingyas,
however, did not have immigration woes at its source. An unfortunate crime of rape and
murder — committed by Muslim men against a Buddhist woman in a strongly nationalistic
state — escalated into communal violence fraught with racial and religious undertones. The
views, many of them inflammatory, on social media platforms indicate deep-seated prejudices
that threaten the unconsolidated stability in Myanmar under President Thein Sein?s
reform-minded administration. President Thein Sein made a statement on 10 June to calm
seething sentiments on the present conflict. Myanmar also received the visit of United Nations
(UN) Special Envoy Vijay Nambiar to the conflict areas. The measures have resulted
in lessening tensions somewhat, and won praise from the European Union and the United
States2. Responding to questions by media, Daw Aung San Suu Kyi highlighted the importance
of handling the situation with ?delicacy and sensitivity” while also underscoring the
need for the rule of law as ?essential [..] to put an end to all conflicts in the country”.
However, the Rohingya issue is still far from reaching a lasting solution...".....THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT AND EVOLUTION OF THE CONFLICT...THE ROHINGYA AND THE CITIZENSHIP LAWS...CHALLENGES AHEAD
Tin Maung Maung Than, Moe Thuzar
Source/publisher:
Institute of Southeast Asian Studies ("Perspective")
Date of publication:
2012-07-09
Date of entry/update:
2012-07-12
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Arakanese/Rakhine/Rohingya history, Arakan (Rakhine) State - reports etc. by date (latest first)
Language:
English
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Description:
Reprint: Original date of publication 1799...
"Francis Buchanan published his ?A Comparative Vocabulary of Some of the Languages
Spoken in the Burma Empire? in 1799, in the fifth volume of Asiatic Researches. This
piece provides one of the first major Western surveys of the languages of Burma. But
the article goes beyond this and provides important data on the ethno-cultural identities
and identifications of the various population groups in the first half of B?-daw-hpay??s
reign (1782-1819). For these reasons, the article is republished here.
The article is reproduced in its entirety, with slight modifications as follows...
The original citation for the article is as follows:
Francis Buchanan. ?A Comparative Vocabulary of Some of the languages spoken in
the Burma Empire.? Asiatic Researches 5 (1799): 219-240.
M. W. C.
Francis Buchanan (aka Francis Hamilton)
Source/publisher:
SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research, Vol. 1, No., 1 (March 2003)
Date of publication:
1799-00-00
Date of entry/update:
2010-12-07
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
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Description:
"A thesis presented to the Faculty of The College of Arts and
Sciences of Ohio University in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree Master of Arts
Michael W. Charney
(June 1993)..."Until Min Yazagyi?s reign, then, I think that the Arakanese were
the dominant partner in the Arakanese-Portuguese relationship. When
Min Yazagyi forgot the importance of the Arakanese king?s role in
maintaining this dominance in their relationship, however, the
Portuguese were given the opportunity to declare themselves
independent. In response, Min Yazagyi, preoccupied with himself and his
royal regalia, allowed his royal court to ?fall prey? to factionalism and
wasted the best of the Arakanese military forces in poorly-crafted
campaigns under the command of local military leaders of doubtful
abilities. This hurt Arakan?s credibility as a powerful empire and
weakened the international alliance system, which had been carefully
constructed by past Arakanese kings. Further, the repeated Arakanese
military disasters presented a tremendous drain on Arakanese economic
resources which Min Yazagyi was not able to remedy. The collapse of
Arakanese dominance in the Arakanese-Portuguese relationship,
however, was short-lived. Min Khamaung, Min Yazagyi?s son and
successor, brought the Arakanese government back firmly under
monarchical control through his careful selection of new, capable
military and civilian leaders. Min Yazagyi, in the tradition of Min Bin,
sought a new foreign model, the Dutch, to help him defeat the
Portuguese. But Min Khamaung deserves full credit for crushing the
rebellious Portuguese who served the pirate ?king? Sebasti?o Gonsalves y
Tibau and brought an end to the last of the Portuguese rebellions. In
Pegu, however, Min Khamaung was too late to reassert Arakanese
dominance, since the Avan king, Anaukpetlun, had already crushed De
Brito at Syriam and had brought Pegu under firm Avan control. Thus, a
combination of new Arakanese leaders, the selection of a new foreign
model, the resurrection of the nearly-destroyed maritime-based
Arakanese economy, and Min Khamaung?s military genius, saved Arakan
at least partially from the damage it had suffered under Min Yazagyi and
the attendant Portuguese revolts.
I think it should also be mentioned that the Portuguese
mercenaries captured in both Syriam and the Sundiva campaigns, by
Ava and Arakan, were forced to continue their service to both kingdoms
as slaves. Anaukpetlun turned his Portuguese captives into a hereditary
class of artillerymen whose descendants served in the Avan army for
several centuries.595 In the case of Arakan, Min Khamaung, once
himself a prisoner of the Portuguese, placed his Portuguese captives into
Arakanese military units which guarded the northwestern border of
Arakan in Bengal. The Arakanese-Portuguese relationship thus can be
seen as a continuum of Arakanese dominance, with the exception of the
hiatus of the reign of Min Yazagyi..."
Michael W. Charney
Source/publisher:
Ohio University
Date of publication:
1993-06-00
Date of entry/update:
2010-11-12
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Arakanese/Rakhine/Rohingya history
Language:
English
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Description:
"For more a millennium the policy we know as Arakan existed as a culturally strategic border state, the only
state in Southeast Asia to be connected to India by both land and sea routes. The study of its culture is of
particular interest as it reveals which elements of Indian cultural were adopted in Arakan and in the land to
its east. We can then ask why some elements and not others were adopted, and attempted to relate this to
the political, social and religious developments of the wider region..."
Pamela Gutman
Source/publisher:
Rakhapura Arakan Information Website
Date of publication:
2008-12-28
Date of entry/update:
2010-11-12
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Arakanese/Rakhine/Rohingya history
Language:
English
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Description:
PREFACE: A mirror reflects exactly any object that stands before it. So does history reflect the past of a people or a nation? History gives us knowledge of past. But history can be a forgotten past, especially for literally less advanced people. After a few generations, history cannot be remembered unless it is written or recorded, and observation of illiterate tribes all over the world shows, that they are helplessly wrong with regard to the events of their history for more than a couple of generations back. Thus recording of history in various forms took place from the early stage of human society.
Records of history are very important such as roots are for trees. Without proper records of history it is very difficult for a people to go ahead. For future planning we need the knowledge of past.
Hence, I have been studying the history of Arakan in particular and of Myanmar in general and have been collecting some important facts and records related to them. Here some of my friends requested me to compile a brief but precise history of Arakan with special attention to the evaluation of Muslim society there and I complied with their request. Writing a history book needs knowledge and experience. It is a big job for me as it will consume time, mind and energy. At the same time I was not free enough because of my personal engagements. Non-availability of some reference books is another factor. Next most of the history books on Arakan, by Arakanese themselves are found to be irrelevant with the latest researches of scholars. Many facts there are illogical, imaginary and exaggerative in nature.
So to bring historical nucleus in to light with authentic references and correct documentations become an essential part of my task here. Further, facts concerning Muslim?s role in Arakan, traditionally have been covered ?up or distorted. In this treatise my attempt to bring them in to light may be subject to refutation from some circles. Especially three historical nucleuses here may be found deviated from our traditional concept though they are real and true. The main object of this treatise indeed is to shed light on these points.
Abu Anin
Source/publisher:
A Study on the Issue of Ethnicity in Arakan, Myanmar
Date of publication:
2007-00-00
Date of entry/update:
2010-11-12
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Arakanese/Rakhine/Rohingya history
Language:
English
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Description:
Conclusion:
"After Burma gained independence, a concentration of nearly ninety
percent of the area?s population, the distinguishing characteristics
of their own culture and the Islamic faith formed an ethnic and
religious minority group in the western fringe of the republic. For
successive generations their ethnicity and Islam have been
practically not distinguishable. At the beginning they adopted the slogan, ?Pakistan Jindabad,? (Victory to Pakistan). This policy
faded away when they could not gain support from the government
of Pakistan. Later they began to call for the establishment of an
autonomous region instead. Pakistan?s attitude toward the
Muslims in Arakan was different from the Islamabad?s policy
toward Kashmiris. During the Independence War in Bangladesh
most of the Muslims in Arakan supported West Pakistan. After
Bangladesh gained independence Dhaka followed the policy of
disowning those Chittagonians. Consequently they had to insist
firmly on their identity as Rohingyas. Their leaders began to
complain that the term ?Chittagonian Bengali? had arbitrarily been
applied to them. But the majority of the ethnic group, being
illiterate agriculturalists in the rural areas, still prefers their
identity as Bengali Muslims.
Although they have showed the collective political interest for
more than five decades since Burma gained independence, their
political and cultural rights have not so far been recognized and
guaranteed. On the contrary the demand for the recognition of
their rights sounds a direct challenge to the right of autonomy and
the myth of survival for the Arakanese majority in their homeland.
A symbiotic coexistence has so far been inconceivable because of
the political climate of mistrust and fear between the two races and
the policy of the military junta. The Muslims from the other parts
of Arakan kept themselves aloof from the Rohingya cause as well.
Thus the cause of Rohingyas finds a little support outside their
own community, and their claims of an earlier historical tie to
Burma are insupportable."
Aye Chan
Source/publisher:
SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research, Vol. 3, No. 2, Autumn 2005, ISSN 1479-
Date of publication:
2005-09-00
Date of entry/update:
2010-10-03
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Arakanese/Rakhine/Rohingya history
Language:
English
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Description:
This study of the rise of the maritime kingdom of Rahkaing (Arakan) in the 15th and 16th centuries attempts to demonstrate how the kings of Danya-wati gradually drew other power centers in the Rahkaing littoral (including Mekha-wati, Dwara-wati, and Chittagong) into its political orbit. Vital to this political centralization were the collateral processes of increasing maritime trade, demographic growth spurred by resettled war captives, the suppression of rival lowland tribes, supplies of firearms, and the development of a multi-directional system of religious patronage. By the end of the 16th century, Mrauk-U rulers, as both Buddhist kings and Islamic sultans, controlled the entire Rahkaing littoral as one kingdom and had begun their expansion into neighboring regions as distant as Dacca in Bengal and Pegu in Burma.
Michael W. Charney
Source/publisher:
Journal of Burma Studies Vol. 3 (1998)
Date of publication:
1998-00-00
Date of entry/update:
2009-03-10
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Arakanese/Rakhine/Rohingya history
Language:
English
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Description:
Abstract: "The early history of Arakan has been generally considered to be that of a province of eastern India, and hence its study has been neglected by both Indian and Southeast Asian historians. This dissertation seeks to examine the dynamics of the history from the beginnings of urbanization until the rise of the Burmese empire which subsequently dominated Arakanese culture. The first chapter deals with the geographical and ethnolinguistic background to the development of the earliest cities. In the second, all the inscriptions of the period, in Sanskrit, Pali and Pyu are catalogued and edited. The inscriptions issued by the kings establish a chronology for the period and illustrate the nature of the cult surrounding the institution of kingship, while copper-plate and votive inscriptions elucidate the nature of state organisation and the popular religion. Chapter Three deals with the coinage which emerged following the development of a centralised economy, and discusses the impetus for this and the role of the king on whom the prosperity of the country depended. A comparison with similar coin types in Southeast Asia is made and the catalogue includes all the coins yet discovered. The sites of the most important monuments are discussed in Chapter Four, which catalogues all the architectural and sculptural remains. A comparative analysis of the Buddhist and Hindu images and of the minor arts reveals, to a greater extent that do the inscriptions, the nature of contact with India and the rest of Southeast Asia. The conclusion deals with the political and cultural history which thus emerges, examining in detail the rationale behind the development of the concept of divine kingship in Arakan."
Pamela Gutman
Source/publisher:
The Australian National University
Date of publication:
1976-00-00
Date of entry/update:
2007-11-25
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Arakanese/Rakhine/Rohingya history
Language:
English
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Description:
Editor?s note:
This article by Francis Hamilton, also known as Francis Buchanan, first appeared in The
Edinburgh Journal of Science (vol. 3, April-October, 1825, pp. 32-44). Despite its relatively late
dating, Hamilton?s understanding of the area and the people were not substantially different
from those found in the his earlier diaries during his travels in the area in 1798.
M.W. C. ... "...The river called Naaf by Europeans, which enters the sea in about 20? 50? north, for a short way
forms the boundary between Ava and Bengal; and across it is the only communication known
between the kingdom of Arakan subject to Ava and Chatigang subject to Britain. North from the
forks of this river, so far as I could learn in 1798, there was no district boundary; but there
extends north, along the whole of the Chatigang district, a mountainous frontier occupied by
several rude tribes. Through this region flow many rivers; some into the sea, either through
Chatigang or Arakan, and some into the Erawadi; and the high land at the sources of such of
these rivers as run through the district of Chatigang was commonly supposed to be the actual
boundary. The rude tribes indeed, which occupy the hilly countries on both sides of the central
eight, claim independence, and support it, so far as their slender means will admit..."
Francis Buchanan (aka Francis Hamilton)
Source/publisher:
SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research, Vol. 1, No. 2, Autumn 2003
Date of publication:
1825-00-00
Date of entry/update:
2004-04-09
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Arakanese/Rakhine/Rohingya history
Language:
English
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Description:
"By the time of his first visit to Arakan in 1999,
Van Galen had already read about Southeast
Asia and Arakan for several years. At a young
age, he had read the children's book, De
Scheepsjongens van Bontekoe, which was
based on the seventeenth-century travel logs of
an East India ship's captain named Bontekoe,
who was shipwrecked in the Indian Ocean. 'The story had become a classic already during the
seventeenth century. Of course, I never realized just to what extent the stories were true until I
started doing my research on Arakan, and going through the archival material I came across his
name again,' he recalls. But visiting the country one studies as a historian is felt by Van Galen to be
a vital part in the process of understanding it..."
Tanja Chute
Source/publisher:
Newsletter, Issue 25, International Institute for Asian Studies (Leiden)
Date of publication:
2001-10-00
Date of entry/update:
2003-06-03
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Arakanese/Rakhine/Rohingya history
Language:
English
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Description:
"Covering the biggest part of Myanmar's northwestern sea coast, Arakan faces the Bay of
Bengal and shares its northern border with Bangladesh and India. Called either Roshang
(in Bengal), Rakhangapura (in Sri Lankan chronicles), Yakhai (in Ayutthayan chronicles),
or Rakhine by its own inhabitants, the study of the history of Arakan has suffered from
the area's peripheral situation, at least in the divisions of Asia familiar to us..."
Jacques P. Leider
Source/publisher:
Newsletter, Issue 25, International Institute for Asian Studies (Leiden)
Date of publication:
2001-10-00
Date of entry/update:
2003-06-03
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Arakanese/Rakhine/Rohingya history
Language:
English
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