"Anti-Muslim violence swept through central Burma in spring 2013, reportedly sparked by an argument at a gold shop and the killing of a Buddhist monk in the town of Meiktila in Burma?s Mandalay Division, on March 20, 2013. During the next three days, attacks spread to neighboring townships, as armed groups of men from the majority Buddhist population reportedly set fire to more than 1,500 homes, destroyed more than a dozen mosques and three madrassas, and killed more than 100 people among the minority Muslim population. Investigators with Physicians for Human Rights (PHR) dispatched to the region immediately following these events interviewed survivors of a massacre of students and teachers in Meiktila on the morning of March 21. PHR investigators returned to the region in late April to conduct additional in-depth interviews and corroborate testimony from survivors, eyewitnesses, and fami- ly members of those killed. For their security, the names and identifying details of many of these informants have been changed or withheld. This report includes the most detailed narrative to date of the attack on Muslim students, teachers, and neighborhood residents in the Mingalar Zayyone quarter of Meiktila, as compiled from interviews with 33 key informants, including 14 eyewitnesses. The accounts include testimony that local police stood by and watched while hundreds of people went on a rampage of violence and destruction, including the killing of unarmed Muslims, and that some Buddhist monks incited and even participated in the attacks. The anti-Muslim violence in Meiktila provoked an international outcry, and local prosecutors initiated proceedings. Three Muslims were quickly convicted of theft and assault in April in connection with the dispute at the gold shop, and six Muslim men were arrested in May on charges related to the killing of a Buddhist monk in Meiktila. As of mid-May, however, no one else had reportedly been charged or convicted for assault, murder, or arson in a massacre that left dozens of people dead, thousands displaced, and many of Meiktila?s Muslim homes, mosques, schools, and businesses destroyed. At a time when the United States and European Union have been lifting sanctions against Burma and strengthening economic ties, PHR hopes this report will refocus attention on a horrific example of religious violence that has become far too common in Burma in the past several years, as PHR has documented. Unless more of that country?s political and religious leaders firmly denounce such attacks and take concrete steps to hold perpetrators accountable and promote reconciliation, Burma?s recent slow progress toward greater freedom, openness, and peace could be derailed"