Description:
Executive Summary: "This report outlines patterns of migrant smuggling
in Asia and presents evidence-based knowledge
to guide policy and strengthen international
cooperation. Developed by the United Nations
Office on Drugs and Crime, it is part of a series
of knowledge products considering acute and
far-reaching issues confronting governments and
communities in South-East Asia, as part of an
ongoing analytical and capacity-strengthening
process.
Migrant smuggling occurs against the backdrop
of regional integration within Asia, which has
created a rapid increase in the cross-border
movement of people and goods. Countries often
have a multifaceted relationship to the migration
phenomenon, simultaneously serving as a source,
transit and destination for regular and irregular
migration. Although most migrant smuggling in the
region takes place within Asia, smuggled migrants
are also reaching destinations in Australia, New
Zealand, Europe and North America.
The majority of smuggled migrants are young
male adults but there are also a significant
number of young women and children. While a
range of factors motivate migration, such as family
reunification or escaping (political) persecution,
the majority of migrants are in pursuit of better
economic opportunities. Smugglers are used when
accessing legal channels for migration proves
unsuccessful or remains difficult. Regular labour
migration channels are typically inadequate, and
therefore informal, unlicensed, and also licensed
recruitment agencies exploit these shortcomings
and fill in the gaps.
In South-East Asia, labour opportunities are
the primary driver for irregular migration, with
male smuggled migrants taking on positions
in manufacturing, agriculture, fisheries and
construction. Female migration is also on the
rise and often leads to work in domestic service,
hospitality, entertainment or the sex industry.
Irregular migrants are typically young and willing
(and able) to face the risks associated with what
can be a difficult journey. They can adapt to what
sometimes are harsh work and living conditions
in the destination country. However, families
and unaccompanied minors are also migrating
irregularly, which risks even more dramatic
consequences.
Smuggling is often a complex process with
real dangers for the lives, health and safety of
migrants. In addition to being far away from their
home communities and in the destination country
illegally, smuggled migrants find it difficult to
assert their rights. They are more vulnerable
to abuse, exploitation and trafficking as well as
susceptible to involvement in criminal activities.
Despite the lack of comprehensive research or
documentation, an estimated 40,000 irregular
migrants have died worldwide since 2000.
Smugglers of migrants are driven by profit and
the complexity and level of organization of a
journey depends on the intended destination
and the amount a migrant is willing or able to
pay. Smuggling networks have been reported to
manage complex operations covering source,
transit and destination countries. The majority of
operations in Asia, however, take place on an ad
hoc and less sophisticated basis.
Active in a variety of roles, smugglers are involved
as recruiters, transporters, accommodation
providers, facilitators, enforcers, organizers and
financiers. They can adapt quickly to changing
circumstances and comprise a range of diverse
backgrounds, nationalities and age groups. In
many cases, the smugglers were once smuggled
migrants..."
Source/publisher:
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
Date of Publication:
2015-04-00
Date of entry:
2015-04-29
Grouping:
- Individual Documents
Category:
Language:
English
Local URL:
Format:
pdf pdf
Size:
8.07 MB 1.48 MB