"...CONCLUSION: Rural-urban migration has increased dramatically since 2010 in the area around Myanmar?s largest commercial center, Yangon, where it represents a far more important migration flow than international migration. The timing of this trend parallels the growth of opportunities in the urban economy, most importantly in manufacturing, which employs 70% migrants from the village tracts surveyed. Propensity to migrate was not found to differ widely across categories of households with different resource endowments and livelihood strategies (e.g. landed/landless, farm/non-farm), or by gender, although households with small landholdings appear slightly more likely to produce migrants than households with either large landholdings or no land. A very high share of migrants (>80%) made regular remittances, suggesting that urban wages were sufficient to allow for some savings. Migrants from landless households remitted the smallest amounts, but did so more regularly than migrants from households with agricultural land. The size of remittances (averaging MMK 70,000 per month) was likely sufficient to make a significant contribution to the budgets of receiving households. Although positive in many respects, this outflow of people from rural areas also brings challenges. With 16% of households having a migrant, and migrants having an average age of 21, this equates to a significant reduction in the population of young, able-bodied workers available in agriculture. However, these were partially replaced by inflows of migrant labor from remoter areas with more limited employment prospects to take up permanent farm jobs, especially in aquaculture cluster village tracts, where there was high demand for permanent farm workers to tend fish ponds."