"Buddhist Bamah living on the plains of the the Ayeyawadi River?s middle reaches formed what can be called the ?Burmasphere” through cultural exchanges with other ethnic or religious groups in the surrounding area. In the Burmasphere, people adhere to the absolute superiority of Theravada Buddhism and conduct a variety of religious practices such as spirit worship, Brahmanism, and witchcraft. This paper considers the relationship between gender and religious practices, focusing on spirit worship in the Burmasphere and cases from rural communities in Upper Burma. Regarding spirit worship and gender, Brac de la Perrière showed how the feminine dimensions of spirit mediumship involve not only Burmese gender construction, but also the Burmese construction of difference and how it is encoded in the hierarchical system [Brac de la Perrière 2007]. This article will focus on the spirit ritual for the ?Spirits of Tradition” (mizain hpazain nat or miyohpala nat) held in a village in Upper Burma, which is not necessarily needed a help of spirit mediums, as Spiro called a ?simple and essentially private ritual”..."