Natural Resource Use - global theory, standards, mechanisms, guidelines and analysis
Websites/Multiple Documents
Description:
"The commons is a general term referring to the cultural and natural resources accessible to all members of a society, including natural materials such as air, water, and a habitable earth. These resources are held in common, not owned privately..."
Source/publisher:
Wikipedia
Date of entry/update:
2014-12-08
Grouping:
Websites/Multiple Documents
Category:
Natural Resource Use - global theory, standards, mechanisms, guidelines and analysis, The Commons
Language:
English
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Elinor "Lin" Ostrom (born Elinor Claire Awan; August 7, 1933 ? June 12, 2012) was an American political economist whose work was associated with the New Institutional Economics and the resurgence of political economy. In 2009, she shared the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with Oliver E. Williamson for "her analysis of economic governance, especially the commons". To date, she remains the only woman to win The Prize in Economics.
...She was a lead researcher for the Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resource Management Collaborative Research Support Program (SANREM CRSP)..."
Source/publisher:
Wikipedia
Date of entry/update:
2014-12-08
Grouping:
Websites/Multiple Documents
Category:
Natural Resource Use - global theory, standards, mechanisms, guidelines and analysis, The Commons, Customary tenure - global and regional
Language:
English
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Individual Documents
Sub-title:
မြန်မာနိုင်ငံ ကျောက်မျက်ရတနာလုပ်ငန်းရှင်များအသင်းနှင့် ပတ်သက်သည့် ကြေညာချက် (၇/၂၀၂၂)
Description:
"မြန်မာနိုင်ငံ ကျောက်မျက်ရတနာလုပ်ငန်းရှင်များအသင်းနှင့် ပတ်သက်သည့် ကြေညာချက် (၇/၂၀၂၂)
သယံဇာတနှင့် သဘာဝပတ်ဝန်းကျင်ထိန်းသိမ်းရေးဝန်ကြီးဌာန
အမျိုးသားညီညွတ်ရေးအစိုးရ..."
Source/publisher:
Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation - NUG
Date of publication:
2022-08-23
Date of entry/update:
2022-08-23
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
National Unity Government (NUG), 2021 Burma/Myanmar coup d'état, Natural Resource Use - global theory, standards, mechanisms, guidelines and analysis
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"“ထိန်းသိမ်းရေးဆိုင်ရာ အခန်းကဏ္ဍများ”
ဇီဝမျိုးစုံမျိုးကွဲများ ကာကွယ်ထိန်းသိမ်းရာတွင် -
၁) အစိုးရအဖွဲ့အစည်းများ (ပြည်ထောင်စု/ပြည်နယ်/ဒေသန္တရ)
၂) အစိုးရမဟုတ်သော အဖွဲ့အစည်းများ
၃) စီးပွားရေးလုပ်ငန်းများ (ဥပမာ- ကုမ္ပဏီများ)
၄) နိုင်ငံသား တစ်ဦးတစ်ယောက်ချင်း ပူးပေါင်းပါဝင်၍ ကာကွယ်ထိန်းသိမ်းကြရမည်ဖြစ်ပါသည်။
“ဖက်ဒရယ်စနစ်ရှိ အခွင့်အလမ်းများ”
နိုင်ငံသူနိုင်ငံသားတိုင်း ကျန်းမာပျော်ရွှင်နိုင်မည့် နိုင်ငံရေး အခင်းအကျင်းအသစ်တွင် နိုင်ငံနှင့် တိုင်းသူ ပြည်သားတို့၏ ကျန်းမာရေး၊ စားဝတ်နေရေး၊ ဖွံ့ဖြိုးတိုးတက်ရေးတို့ကို ပြန်လည်ကုစားနိုင်ရန် အရေးတကြီး လိုအပ်မည်ဖြစ်ပြီး ဇီဝမျိုးစုံမျိုးကွဲများ ထိန်းသိမ်းစောင့်ရှောက်ခြင်း (ဥပမာ-အမျိုးသားဥယျာဥ်များ) ဖြင့် နိုင်ငံသူ/သားတို့၏ ကျန်းမာပျော်ရွှင်ရေး၊ လေ့လာအပန်းဖြေရေး၊ စီးပွားရေး အခွင့်အလမ်းများ ဖန်တီးနိုင်မည်ဖြစ်ပါသည်။..."
Source/publisher:
Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation - NUG
Date of publication:
2022-08-20
Date of entry/update:
2022-08-20
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
National Unity Government (NUG), 2021 Burma/Myanmar coup d'état, Natural Resource Use - global theory, standards, mechanisms, guidelines and analysis
Language:
Format :
pdf
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2.65 MB
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"Funding - the bulk of the initial groundwork for this book was carried out as part of botanical surveys of Doi Chiang Dao Wildlife Sanctuary (1 995-1 996, funded by Office of Environmental Policy and Planning) and Doi Luang National Park (1 997-1 999, funded by
the TRF/BIOTEC Special Program for Biodiversity Research and Training grant BRT 1 39029) The preparation and review of the manuscript in both English and Thai was supported by
the East Asia Local Languages Field Guide project (funded by the World Conservation Union (IUCN) and The World Bank). Toyota Thailand Foundation, Kopfai Publishing Project and Toyota Motor Thailand Co., Ltd. provided the funding for publ ication and
distribution. The generous support of these organisations is gratefully acknowledged. We would particularly like to thank Asst.Prof. Paitoon Leksawad, Dr.Tony Whitten, Dr. Scott Perkin, Preecha Photi and Sunee Wongwaisayawan for their support. Facilities- CMU Herbarium, Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University
provided institutional support at all stages of the project.
Secretarial & computer work - Rungtiwa Panyayot, Greuk Pakkad
Specimen collection & fieldwork - Natii Morci, Bucha Orkha, all the Forestry Department and Watershed Office staff who helped us throughout the project especially in Poi Chiang Dao Wildlife Sanctuary, Doi Luang and Doi Suthep-Pui National Parks. Specimen identification - J.F. Maxwell, Dr. Jamlong Pengklai, Dr. Piya Chalermglin
Additional Photographs - Akom Manekul, Dr. Chavalit Vidthayanon, Cherdsak Kuarak, E.J. Haas, Dr.Oy Kanjanavanit, Richard Davies, M.R.Smansnid Svasti Illustrations - M.R.Smansnid Svasti (cover and forest profiles) Pranee Palee- (Ficus, Fagaceae) Taxonomic review - Dr. Chavalit Niyomtham (Leguminosae); Dr. Jam long Pengklai
(Bombacaceae, Coniferae, Dipterocarpaceae, Elaeocarpaceae, Lauraceae, Lythraceae, Moraceae, Rubiaceae, Sterculiaceae, Tiliaceae); Dr. Kongkanda Chayamarit (Anacardiaceae, Capparaceae); Dr. Piya Chalermglin (Annonaceae, Magnoliaceae); Dr. Pranom Chantaranothai (Myrtaceae, Lecythidaceae)
Preparation of use data - Tim Rayden, Kym Leggett, Kate Hardwick
Editing & proof reading - Bandit Grivijitr, Kym Leggett, Dr Kobkiat Saengnil, Pranee P?lee, M.A. Smansnid Svasti, Tony Ball
Translation of uses and Thai index Natenapit Jitlam
Printing -Surasak lntanon & Amarin Printing & Publishing staffs.
Herbariums, Libraries and Databases - CMU Herbarium, Biology Department, Chiang Mai University; Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University; Royal Forest Department Herbarium, Bangkok; Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden, Chiang Mai; Faculty of Pharmacy ,
Mahidol University; Kasetsart University. Finally, we would like to thank our friends and families who encouraged and supported us
throughout the process of preparing this book.....Genesis of Water and Life: Amidst changes and development in many fields, Thailand faces an alarming environmental crisis. In the last decades, the forest areas have been exploited at a fast rate which is one of the important causes of flooding, droughts and unpredictable climate.
Conflicts over the management of natural resources have been an
unavoidable part of life for our generation. The "Genesis of Water and Life" project was formed as �knowledge-based
response to these issues. In 1994, a project was initiated by the Ministry of Agriculture to protect the watershed area by using more than 10 years of experience working at Kao Sammoen with the support of the UN. Our aim has been to promote harmony between humankind and nature by encouraging people to
conserve natural resources through sustainable resource management and integrated agriculture. We are developing a variety of media in vernacular languages for com- munication amongst local peoples in the watershed areas. Additional equipment including motorcycles, televisions and portable video players have been provided for the convenience of Forestry Department officials.
From 1997, we have cooperated with Chiang Mai University and "Gong Tun Chum Chon Rak Pa" (Forest Lovers' Community Fund) to support forest restoration by building firebreaks in the protected forests of the upper Ping and Wang watersheds which cover an area of more than 120,000 rai (19,200 hectares). By this means, we hope to save the watershed areas without changing the local
people's lifestyle or faith. We also promote academic activities, arts and culture in the urban community to improve relationships in a joint effort to protect and conserve the natural environment .
The book "A Field Guide to Forest Trees of Northern Thailand" is one of our recent project activities. We sincerely wish that this book will be a bridge that passes on knowledge, compassion and a sense of ecological awareness and conservation of trees in the forest area of Northern Thailand. His venerable Phra Dhamma Pitaka (P. Payutto) has admonished us that: "People in this generation have exploited a great amount of natural resources of the world.They have no awareness of our environment and have depleted the land, so it
is necessary that they revolutionize themselves now together with creating an awareness of restoring the natural environment amongst new generations". His advice should be heeded by us all. Watersheds are the source of forests, water and life. We must all work together to conserve what is left of our natural heritage for future generations - Toyota Thailand Foundation..."
Source/publisher:
Chiang Mai University, The World Bank, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Toyota Foundation Thailand, Kobfai
Date of publication:
2007-10-00
Date of entry/update:
2021-05-14
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Forests and forest peoples - international standards, Forests and forest people - Alliances, support groups, conferences and other resources, Forests and forest peoples - programmes for rights and preservation, Natural Resource Use - global theory, standards, mechanisms, guidelines and analysis, The global environment - resources, International organisations, movements, conferences, publications and resources related to the global environment, Theory and practice of education - global (profiles and books)
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29.76 MB (555 pages)
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"The governance of natural resources used by many individuals in common is an issue of increasing concern to policy analysts. Both state control and privatisation of resources have been advocated, but neither the state nor the market have been uniformly successful in solving common pool resource problems. Offering a critique of the foundations of policy analysis as applied to natural resources, Elinor Ostrom here provides a unique body of empirical data to explore conditions under which common pool resource problems have been satisfactorily or unsatisfactorily solved. Dr Ostrom first describes three models most frequently used as the foundation for recommending state or market solutions. She then outlines theoretical and empirical alternatives to these models in order to illustrate the diversity of possible solutions. In the following chapters she uses institutional analysis to examine different ways - both successful and unsuccessful - of governing the commons. In contrast to the proposition of the tragedy of the commons argument, common pool problems sometimes are solved by voluntary organisations rather than by a coercive state. Among the cases considered are communal tenure in meadows and forests, irrigation communities and other water rights, and fisheries."
Elinor Ostrom
Source/publisher:
Internet
Date of entry/update:
2015-01-05
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Natural Resource Use - global theory, standards, mechanisms, guidelines and analysis, The Commons, Customary tenure - global and regional, Economy and social justice (global)
Language:
English
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pdf
Size:
2.21 MB
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Summary: "This paper presents an overview of the distinctive
features of communal tenure in
different community-based land and natural resource
management systems. Communal
tenure refers to situations where groups, communities, or one or more villages have
well defined, exclusive rights to jointly own and/or manage particular areas of natural
resources such as land, forest and water. These are
often referred to as
common pool
resources: many rural communities are dependent on these resources for their
livelihood. In communal tenure, both the boundaries of the resource owned in
common and group membership are clearly defined. These are necessary conditions to
exclude outsiders and to secure the rights of group
members so that these rights cannot
be taken away or changed unilaterally.
Two models of communal tenure are presented in the
paper;
these models differ in
terms of the function of the state, the length of tenure and the characteristics of the
resource system concerned. In the first model, the
permanent title
model, the state fully
and permanently hands the land over to local indigenous communities for private
collective ownership. In this situation, the resource system is often multi-facetted,
comprising agricultural lands as well as forest, water and pasture land. Permanent title
for indigenous peoples? communal land is a special
claim supported by national
legislation and by international conventions, coven
ants and declarations that many
countries have endorsed. Examples of permanent title in Asia include the Philippines
and Cambodia, where legislation provides for collective rights of indigenous
communities. In many instances such as Cambodia, Philippines or, for instance, Papua
New Guinea, the indigenous groups or communities that are eligible by law for private
and permanent communal tenure need to become a legal entity to be recognized as
a
communal right-holder by the state. This may require community incorporation.
However, the process of incorporation can be cumbersome for people who are not
necessarily literate in the national language or in
the demands of state bureaucracy.
In the second model, the
delegated management
model, the state maintains ownership
of the resources and delegates management to local
groups, most often villages, for a
specific period of time, with the possibility of renewal. Such agreements are generally
subject to national legislation only. In this case,
the resources are often uniform and
relate to, for example, community forestry, community fishery, pasture or irrigation
group tenure that all come in many different forms
with different bundles of rights.
This model is far more common than the first, with
Nepal, India, Thailand, Cambodia
or Mongolia providing examples.
In addition to these two general models, one may still find traditional customary
communal tenure in remote communities. Here the state does not actually regulate or
intervene in the management of resources, but all local communities in the area would
know of the local rules of harvesting and withdrawal rights.
Both the permanent title in communal land and the d
elegated management model may
originate from an existing customary arrangement, where the rules are known and have
been adhered to by right-holders ? and their neighbors ? for generations. The state can
acknowledge these existing communal systems through
formalization of existing rules
and rights. In a different situation, where customary arrangements are no longer
present and the resource is degraded and under open
access, the formalization of
Communal tenure and the governance of common property resources in Asia
delegated management of, for example, a new community forest, may imply setting up
or
inducing
communal tenure institutions, where they did not previously exist.
Inducing institutions is a major exercise in social
engineering; the resulting induced
institution must be carefully aligned with the physical and natural characteristics of the
resources or resource system and, ideally, should build on an existing set of norms in
the community. Where governments and/or donor projects have a pro-poor approach in
inducing communal tenure for natural resource management, the pro-poor targeting
mechanisms must be mainstreamed in the institution
building.
In all communal tenure systems, the physical and biological characteristics of the
resource system factor decisively into the regulatory frameworks that communities
establish. One must match with the other. In situations where both subsistence and
market value products can be withdrawn from the resource system there are also many
kinds of interlinked and embedded rights: the communal tenure is usually embedded
within a larger nested hierarchy of institutions."
Nowadays the communities will often need support an
d recognition by the state in
order to manage effectively their common pool resou
rces. As a consequence,
communities will need to establish two sets of rule
s: (i) those rules that constitute the
community as an entity in the eyes of the state and
(ii) those that define internal rules
of benefit sharing. Whereas constitutional rules de
fine the community as a legal entity,
internal community rules establish the management r
ights in the resources and the fair
appropriation of benefits.
Interest in communal tenure and common property res
ource management has risen since
the 1980s among academics, governments and internat
ional development organizations
working on land and natural resources management. D
ebates on communal tenure are
still ongoing in many countries in Asia, in the con
text of market pressures and
dynamics, which call for privatization to increase
productivity, and in the context of
big business vying for a stake in valuable land and
other natural resources, in some
instances leading to land grabbing. The current mar
ket driven pressures on natural
resources create both challenges and opportunities
for communities and governments.
Overall, policies and institutions that promote acc
ountability and good governance
over these resources, both by the government at nat
ional and local level and by
communities, are required. Some specific approaches
, such as communities? mapping
of their territories, are proving useful tools to s
afeguard their lands, although they are
not sufficient conditions: the wider political and
regulatory environment must be
supportive too.
Communal tenure will very likely play a significant
role in the policies and actions for
climate change mitigation. With the emergence of in
itiatives for Reduced Emissions
from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD and REDD+)
, governance and benefit
sharing of carbon finance become critical questions
in defining who owns the carbon
stocked in forest. Marketable community rights to t
his special resource unit (stocked
carbon) must be supported by national legislation t
hat favors communal tenure of some
of the carbon properties. This may lead to a separa
tion of rights to carbon from the
broader rights to the forest and land, an aspect no
t yet addressed by theoretical work on
communal tenure..."
Kirsten Ewers Andersen
Source/publisher:
Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO)
Date of publication:
2011-04-00
Date of entry/update:
2014-12-08
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Natural Resource Use - global theory, standards, mechanisms, guidelines and analysis, Natural Resource Use: global and regional, International standards, mechanisms and guidelines relating to land, including tenure, Customary tenure - global and regional
Language:
English
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pdf
Size:
464.43 KB
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