The Asian Highway
Websites/Multiple Documents
Description:
The Asian Highway network is a network of 141,000 kilometers of standardized roadways crisscrossing 32 Asian countries with linkages to Europe.
The Asian Highway project was initiated in 1959 with the aim of promoting the development of international road transport in the region. During the first phase of the project (1960-1970) considerable progress was achieved, however, progress slowed down when financial assistance was suspended in 1975.
Entering into the 1980s and 1990s, regional political and economic changes spurred new momentum for the Asian Highway Project. It became one of the three pillars of Asian Land Transport Infrastructure Development (ALTID) project, endorsed by ESCAP Commission at its forty-eight session in 1992, comprising Asian Highway, Trans-Asian Railway and facilitation of land transport projects.
The Intergovernmental Agreement on the Asian Highway Network was adopted on 18 November 2003 by an intergovernmental meeting held in Bangkok, was open for signature in April 2004 in Shanghai and entered into force on 4 July 2005.
A total of US$26 billion has already been invested in the improvement and upgrading of the Asian Highway network. However, there is still a shortfall of US$18 billion. UNESCAP secretariat is now working with its member countries to identify financial sources for the development of the network to improve their road transport capacity and efficiency.
Source/publisher:
UNSCAP
Date of entry/update:
2010-08-18
Grouping:
Websites/Multiple Documents
Category:
The Asian Highway
Language:
English
more
Description:
Asian Highway Database
Source/publisher:
UNESCAP
Date of publication:
2008-00-00
Date of entry/update:
2010-08-19
Grouping:
Websites/Multiple Documents
Language:
English
more
Individual Documents
Description:
။
ထ
င
းန
င
င
ကငွေကြေးထောက
ပ
၍
သင်္ကန
းည
နောင
န
င
ကော
ကရ
တ
အကြားဖောက
လ
ပ
ထားသည
အာရ
အဝေးပြေးလမ
းမသစ
သည
ယခ
အခါနောက
ဆက
တွဲအကျု
းဆက
များ
က
ခ
စားနေရသည
ဒေသခ
လ
မ
အသ
င
းအဝ
င
း၏
FPIC
ခေါ်
အချ
န
မ
ကြ
ုတင
သတင
းအ
ချက
အလက
ရရ
ကာ
လွတ
လပ
စွာသဘောထားပေးပ
င
ခွင
က
သ
သ
သာသာချု
းဖောက
ခဲ
သည
။
အကျ
ုးအဆက
ခ
စားရသည
ရွာသ
ရွာသားများသည
စ
မ
က
န
းန
င
ပတ
သက
၍
အသ
ပေးခြင
း
သ
့မ
ဟ
တ
ဆွေးနွေးတ
င
ပင
ခြင
းက
မည
သည
အခါမ
မရရ
ခဲ
ပဲ
လမ
းဖောက
လ
ပ
ရေးလ
ပ
ငန
းစတင
သည
အခါမ
ပင
စ
မ
က
န
းအကြောင
းက
သ
ခဲ
ရသည
။
အနည
းဆ
းအ
မ
ထောင
စ
(
၁၇
)
စ
သည
ကရင
ပြည
နယ
အစ
းရက
ထ
တ
ပြန
သော
အမ
န
့ကြောင
ထ
က
တန
သည
လျော
ကြေးများမရရ
ပဲ
၎င်းတ
့၏မြေယာများန
င
ပ
င
ဆ
င
မ
များက
မ
မ
ဆန
မပါဘဲ
အတင
းအဓမ
စွန
့လ
တ
ခဲ
ရသည
။
စ
မ
က
န
းအတွက
ကနဥ
းသဘာဝပတ
ဝန
းကျင
ဆ
င
ရာစ
းစမ
းလေ
လာမ
(IEE)
န
င
ပတ
သက
၍သော
လည
းကောင
း၊
သဘာဝပတ
ဝန
းကျင
အပေါ်
အကျု
းသက
ရောက
မ
ဆန
းစစ
အကဲဖြတ
ချက
(EIA)
န
င
ပတ
သက
၍သော
လည
းကောင
း၊
လ
ပ
ဆောင
ထားသည
ဟ
သော
သက
သေအချက
အလက
များက
လ
သ
ရ
င
ကြား
ထ
တ
ဖေါ်ချပြ
ထားခြင
းမရ
ခဲ
ချေ။
စ
မ
က
န
း၏အကျ
ုးဆက
အဖြစ
ဖြစ
ပွားသောသဘာဝပတ
ဝန
းကျင
ဆ
င
ရာထ
ခ
က
မ
မ
တစ
ဆင
ရွာသ
ရွာသားများ၏
စ
က
ပျ
ုးမြေများပျက
စ
းရသော
လည
း
လျော
ကြေးပေး
ဆောင
ခြင
းများ
မရ
ခဲ
ချေ။
ရေဆင
းပ
က
လ
င
းတပ
ဆင
မ
စနစ
အားနည
းခြင
းကြောင
တစ
ဖက
တွင
ရေအလွန
များ
နေပြ
း
ကျန
တစ
ဖက
တွင
ရေအလ
အလောက
မရခြင
းကြောင
လမ
းဖောက
လ
ပ
ရာ
လမ
းန
ဘေးတစ
ဖက
တစ
ချက
ရ
လယ
မြေများတွင
စပါးထွက
န
န
းကျဆင
းလာခဲ
သည
။
စ
မ
က
န
းအကျု
းဆက
ခ
စားရသ
များသည
၎င်းတ
့၏နစ
နာဆ
းရ
းမ
များအတွက
မ
ျတ
မ
မရ
သော
လျော
ကြေးငွေက
လက
ခ
ရန
အတင
းအဓမ
ဖ
အားပေးခြင
း
ခ
ရသည
။
လေ
ျာ
ကြေးငွေမည
သည
ပမာဏလက
ခ
ရရ
မည
ဆ
သည
န
င
ပတ
သက
၍ရွာသ
ရွာသားများ
န
င
ဆွေးနွေးတ
င
ပင
ခြင
းသော
လည
းကောင
း၊
အကြ
ဉာဏ
ရယ
ခြင
းသော
လည
းကောင
း၊
မရ
ခဲ
ပါ။
လျော
ကြေးငွေပမာဏက
ဆောက
လ
ပ
ရေးဝန
ကြ
းဋ္ဌာနက
ကြ
ုတင
သတ
မ
တ
ထားပြ
းဖြစ
သည
။
I
I
II
အ
ဓ
က
က
သ
ည
ေ
တ
ွ
့
ရ
ခ
က
မ
ာ
း
5
လ
ပသောစကားလ
းများန
င
အကျည
းတန
ရ
ပ
ဆ
းသောလ
ပ
ရပ
များ
အာရ
အဝေးပြေးလမ
းမကြ
း၊
ကရင
ပြည
နယ
၊
မြန
မာန
င
င
လ
ပသောစကားလ
းများန
င
အကျည
းတန
ရ
ပ
ဆ
းသောလ
ပ
ရပ
များ
အာရ
အဝေးပြေးလမ
းမကြ
း၊
ကရင
ပြည
နယ
၊
မြန
မာန
င
င
6
ထ
ခ
က
မ
က
လျော
ပါးစေရန
န
င
စ
မ
က
န
း၏ဆ
းကျ
ုးသက
ရောက
မ
က
ရင
ဆ
င
ခ
စားရသ
များ
၏အခွင
အရေးများက
ကာကွယ
ပေးန
င
ရန
အတွက
လ
ထ
မကျေနပ
ချက
န
င
တင
ပြချက
များက
လက
ခ
ဖြေရ
င
းသည
လ
ပ
ထ
းလ
ပ
နည
းစနစ
များ
ဖွဲ့စည
းထားပေးခြင
းမရ
။
မြေယာဆ
းရ
းသ
များအတွက
ပြန
လည
နေရာချထားသည
အစ
အစဥ
လည
းမရ
ပါ။
စ
မ
က
န
းကြောင
မြေယာဆ
းရ
းကာ
အသက
မွေးဝမ
းကြောင
းလ
ပ
ငန
းထ
ခ
က
ပျက
စ
း
ရသော
မြေယာက
သာအဓ
ကမ
ခ
အားထားနေရသည
လယ
သမားများအတွက
၊
မြေ
ယာအစားထ
းပြန
ပေးသည
စ
စဥ
မ
များမရ
ပါ။
လမ
းစ
မ
က
န
းကြောင
နေအ
မ
ပျက
ဆ
းဆ
းရ
းလ
က
ရသည
လ
ထ
န
င
တွေ့ဆ
ည
န
င
း
တ
င
ပင
ခြင
း
သ
့မဟ
တ
၎င်းတ
့အတွက
ပြန
လည
အခြေချသည
အစ
အစဥ
များပြု
လ
ပ
ပေးခြင
းမရ
ပါ။
၂။
ကော
ကရ
တ
-
အ
န
ုအကြားအဝေးပြေးလမ
းမက
တ
းချဲ့အဆင
မြ
င
သွားမည
စ
မ
က
န
း
တွင
အာရ
ဖွ
့ဖြ
ုးရေးဘဏ
(ADB)
န
င
မြန
မာ
ဆောက
လ
ပ
ရေးဝန
ကြ
းဋ္ဌာနသည
အလား
တ
အမ
ားများက
ထပ
မ
ကျူးလွန
မည
အခြေအနေတွင
ရ
သည
။
စ
မ
က
န
းန
င
ပတ
သက
၍
ရွာသ
ရွာသားများက
ကျ
ုးကြောင
းဆ
လျော
စွာ
အသ
ပေးခြင
း
သ
့မဟ
တ
ည
န
င
းတ
င
ပင
ဆွေးနွေးခြင
းမရ
ခဲ
ပါ။
ဒ
ဇင
ဘာလ
(
၂
)
ရက
မ
(
၅
)
ရက
နေ့အတွင
း
ဆောင
ရွက
ခဲ
သောည
န
င
းအစည
းအဝေးသည
စ
မ
က
န
း၏အကျု
းသက
ရောက
မ
ခ
စားရသည
ရွာ
စ
စ
ပေါင
း
(
၁၆
)
ရွာများအနက
ကျေးရွာ
(
၆
)
ရွာန
င
သာ
ပြုလ
ပ
ခဲ
ခြင
Source/publisher:
KHRG, KESAN, THWEE COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT NETWORK
Date of publication:
2016-08-26
Date of entry/update:
2016-08-26
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
The Asian Highway
Language:
Burmese (မြန်မာဘာသာ)
Local URL:
more
Description:
Key Findings:
1. The construction of the Thailand-
financed segment of the Asian Highway between
Thin Gan Nyi Naung and Kawkareik violated the right to Free, Prior, and Informed
Consent (FPIC) of local communities, who have been negatively impacted by the
road project.
• Contrary to the principle of FPIC, affected villagers were not properly informed
or consulted prior to the commencement of development activities, only
learning about the project once construction had begun.
• At least 17 households were forcibly dispossessed of their land and property
due to an order issued by the Karen state government, which failed to provide
adequate compensation to displaced villagers.
• There is no publicly accessible evidence of project proponents conducting either
an initial environmental examination (IEE) or environmental impact assessment
(EIA) in advance of implementation.
• Villagers were not compensated for environmental damage to their farmlands
as a result of the project.
• Rice production along the affected section of the highway has been reduced
due to excessive water on one side of the road and insufficient water on the
other side as a result of improper installation of drainage pipes.
• Project affected persons were coerced into accepting inadequate compensation
for their losses.
• The Ministry of Construction did not consult or negotiate with project affected
persons on compensation, as amounts were pre-determined and not subject to
reconsideration.
• No grievance redress mechanism was established to facilitate mitigation of
negative impacts to project affected persons and ensure that their rights are
protected.
• There is no resettlement plan for those who were displaced from their land due
to the project.
• There is no system in place to provide replacement land for farmers whose
livelihoods have been disrupted due to road construction.
• There have been no consultation or arrangements to relocate project affected
persons whose homes were destroyed by the project......
2. The ADB and Burma/Myanmar Ministry of Construction (MoC) appear poised to
repeat these mistakes in relation to a planned upgrade of a stretch of the AH1
between Kawkareik and Eindu, despite assurances otherwise.
• Villagers have not been properly informed or consulted about the project,
with consultations taking place from December 2nd to December 5th, 2015
in only six out of 16 total affected villages. In these meetings, ADB indicated
that compensation would be provided as money in envelopes and given to the
affected villagers, but at the time, did not specify who would distribute it.
• ADB also indicated that it would not deal directly with compensation and
resettlement
• From June 17th to June 19th, 2015, inadequate consultations took place in three
villages ? Lonenyaw, Nga Taing, and Wei Kayin.
• The number of people who will lose their land due to a government-demarcated
right of way is unknown since ADB excluded the right of way from its
resettlement plan.
• Without proper oversight, the ADB has entrusted the MoC to carry out sensitive
resettlement and compensation activities in accordance with its Safeguard
Policies.
• Compensation procedures have not been disclosed to project affected persons
despite a number of plans and strategies issued by ADB in relation to the project
since 2015......
3.
With a full peace agreement still pending, road construction projects have increased
tensions between different actors competing for control of the highway area. If
the project continues before political agreements to create a decentralized federal
union are
finalized, and a benefit-sharing scheme for the Asian Highway in Karen
State is not established, the potential for armed confl ict to break out will continue
to exist.
• NEDA, ADB and MoC have not adequately considered or addressed the risks to
the wider peace process when pushing through the Asian Highway project.
• Past and continue skirmishes between the DKBA and the BGF/Myanmar Army
over control of the AH1 has endangered villagers, forcing them to
flee their
villages and disrupting their livelihoods. To date, some still have not been able
to return.
• Recent outbreaks of violence and ongoing risk of new clashes continues to
drive villagers away and prevent them from returning home.
Source/publisher:
KHRG, KESAN, THWEE COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT NETWORK
Date of publication:
2016-08-26
Date of entry/update:
2016-08-26
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
The Asian Highway
Language:
English
Local URL:
more
Description:
"For as long as anyone can remember, the road from Kawkareik in Kayin State to the Thai border has only been passable in one direction at a time. One day, traffic goes "up" from southern Myanmar?s hinterland; the next it goes "down" from Myawaddy -- the busiest trade post on the Thai-Myanmar frontier. Myawaddy is just opposite the Thai town of Mae Sot.
The poor condition of the road that crosses the Dawna mountain range means the journey of just 32km -- as the crow flies -- can take more than four hours by car. But a new road now nearing completion will cut that time to less than an hour, potentially turning Myawaddy?s scrappy border crossing into a major trade hub.
Myanmar state-run media says the new Thai-funded road is not scheduled to open officially until July. But foreign businessmen and locals who can afford the steep tolls are being allowed onto its as-yet unsealed surface.
The road forms part of a long-promised "Asian Highway" that will eventually connect Yangon to Bangkok. Right now it is one of the crucial links still missing in the push by Association of Southeast Asian Nations members to achieve greater connectivity across the region..."
Simon Lewis
Source/publisher:
"Nikkei Asian Review"
Date of publication:
2015-02-15
Date of entry/update:
2015-07-13
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
The Asian Highway, Roads, Bridges
Language:
English
Local URL:
more
Description:
"This News Bulletin describes the proposed construction of a portion of the Asia Highway from Eindu to Kawkareik Town, crossing 17 different villages and one town in Hpa-an, Kyonedoe and Kawkareik townships in Dooplaya and Hpa-an districts. The Burma/Myanmar government has demarcated the route and plans to construct the road with funding from the Asian Development Bank (ADB). The planning of the project has thus far been carried out with little consultation with local communities, who remain suspicious of such projects. If implemented, the highway construction would result in the confiscation of villagers? land, posing a threat to their basic livelihoods."
Source/publisher:
Karen Human Rights Group (KHRG)
Date of publication:
2015-03-22
Date of entry/update:
2015-06-21
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Category:
Land confiscation for military, commercial and other purposes, Roads, Bridges, The Asian Highway
Language:
English
Format :
pdf
Size:
192.21 KB
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Description:
"The Trilateral Highway project is an ambitious undertaking which was initially launched under the vestiges of the Mekong Ganga Cooperation (MGC) and later incorporated into the transport sector of Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC); but it has not yet fructified. What are the bottlenecks in terms of financial, security and regional concerns? How will this affect India?s Look East Policy (LEP)? What is needed to get this crucial project executed?
With the aim to begin the project in early 2004, the construction of the 1360kms highway at the cost of US$700 million was distributed in three phases so as to connect Moreh (India), Mae Sot (Thailand) through Bagan in Myanmar. The inherent logic of the road was to fulfil the ambition of creating a ?link? between Northeast India and Southeast Asia..."
Tanvi Pate
Source/publisher:
Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies (Delhi)
Date of publication:
2010-05-06
Date of entry/update:
2010-11-16
[field_licence]
Type:
Individual Documents
Language:
English
Local URL:
more