ဖော်ပြချက်/အကြောင်းအရာ:
Introduction:
"With 135 ethnic groups divided into eight major national ethnic
races,1
Myanmar2
is
one of the most ethnically diverse countries in the world. The Panglong Agreement in 1947 tried
to set the path for the integration of these nationals into one state. However, with the
assassination of the architect of the Panglong Conference General Aung San and the subsequent
military takeover
of the country, the curtain of ethnic struggles was drawn. Among ethnic groups
fighting for their self-adetermination is the Pa-O3.
The research focused on the period from 1988 to 2012 because this is the period when
most of the ceasefire agreements were signed, which allowed some forms
of law
and order to
return to the local community. The research methodology is mainly qualitative, using. Yet, amid the chaos after the democracy
movement in 1988, the military regime managed to sign over 20 ceasefire agreements with
various armed groups, among them were with the Pa-O National Organization (PNO) and the
Shan State Nationalit ies People?s Liberation Organization (SSNPLO). PNO agreed to ceasefire
in 1991 and SSNPLO followed in 1994. Therefore, theoretically, the Pa-O area has been pacified
since the 1990s. Indeed, the Pa-O populated region known as Area 6 was granted the status of
Self Administrated Zone (SAZ) in 2011.
This paper attempts to look into what ceasefire means to the Pa-O people from the
perspective of the
development of the political economy in the SAZ. Developing on the theory
put forward by Mancur Olson
(Olson, 2000)
that a stationary bandit should provide better
development prospects to the local people than a roving bandit, this paper argues that the
benevolence of the stationary bandit is not given per se, it needs competition to bring it forward.
Since signing the ceasefire
agreement and receiving lucrative economic concessions from the
central government, the PNO have effectively become a stationary bandit with an informal
mandate to rule over the Pa-O area. In a way agreeing with Charles Tilly
(Tilly, 1985)
that the
state is no different from the Mafia, in that they both tax their people in return for providing
protection, Olson argued that a roving bandit will only concern about h
is short-term gains
whereas a stationary bandit will actually try to provide genuine development for the people in
order to perpetuate the control over the area. Effectively, the PNO have become a stationary
bandit after signing the ceasefire agreement, bu
t whether they have performed their duties like
Olson has predicted is the subject of this investigation...".....Paper delivered at the International Conference on Burma/Myanmar Studies: Burma/Myanmar in Transition: Connectivity, Changes and Challenges: University Academic Service Centre (UNISERV), Chiang Mai University, Thailand, 24-26 July 2015.
ရင်းမြစ်:
International Conference on Burma/Myanmar Studies: Burma/Myanmar in Transition: Connectivity, Changes and Challenges: University Academic Service Centre (UNISERV), Chiang Mai University, Thailand, 24-26 July 2015
Date of Publication:
2015-07-26
Date of entry:
2015-09-03
Grouping:
- Individual Documents
အကြောင်းအရာ/အမျိုးအစား:
Language:
English
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