"Myanmar is rich in natural resources and is a global biodiversity hotspot. It is also a country in the midst of a huge political and social change. For three decades, Myanmar was ruled by a military junta. In 2015, free elections were held, and since then the government has been grappling with the challenge of tackling poverty and developing the country. However, the government is aware of the importance of managing its natural wealth in a sustainable way as expressed in the Myanmar Sustainable Development Plan (MSDP). This vision is supported by a recent World Bank The Changing Wealth of Nations report that argues that the management of natural resources is critical to long-term sustainable development (Lange, Wodon, and Carey 2018). Myanmar’s forests and fishing industry are two significant contributors to the economy, and yet these sectors are also potentially under threat from overexploitation and mismanagement. The management of solid waste, air pollution, and the use of plastics provides another growing challenge. In addition, the role of government and other stakeholders in the management of these sectors and issues is central to whether the government will succeed in reversing the current trends and be able to find a longterm sustainable solution to the problem. This report explores the issues and challenges faced and the legal and institutional context. Through a lens of poverty reduction, social inclusion and participation, and economic growth, the report tells a story of an urgent need for institutional support and reform, improvements in the enforcement against illegal extraction of resources, behavior change in all relevant stakeholders, institutional capacity building, increased funding, and improvements in data collection and analysis. If these recommendations are acted on, then Myanmar can reverse the negative trends and lead its environment on a path toward a more sustainable future..."