World Bank Group - Burma/Myanmar
Individual Documents
Description:
"Myanmar’s ongoing political turmoil and a rapidly-rising third wave of COVID-19 cases are severely impacting an economy that had already been weakened by the pandemic in 2020. The economy is expected to contract around 18 percent in Myanmar’s 2021 Fiscal Year (Oct 2020-Sep 2021), with damaging implications for lives, livelihoods, poverty and future growth, according to the World Bank’s Myanmar Economic Monitor, released today.
An 18 percent contraction, coming on top of weak growth in FY2020, would mean that the country’s economy is around 30 percent smaller than it would have been in the absence of COVID-19 and the military takeover of February 2021. Around 1 million jobs could be lost, and many other workers will experience a decline in their incomes due to reduced hours or wages. The share of Myanmar’s population living in poverty is likely to more than double by the beginning of 2022, compared to 2019 levels.
“The loss of jobs and income and heightened health and food security risks are compounding the welfare challenges faced by the poorest and most vulnerable, including those that were already hit hardest by the pandemic last year,” said Mariam Sherman, World Bank Country Director for Myanmar, Cambodia and Lao PDR.
Economic activity has been hit by reduced mobility and incomes, protests and labor shortages, as well as the ongoing disruption of critical business services, including logistics and telecommunications, and public services such as health and education. Despite bank branch re-openings and several interventions from the Central Bank of Myanmar, physical currency continues to be in short supply and access to banking and payment services remains limited. As of mid-July, the Myanmar kyat had depreciated by around 23 percent against the US dollar since late January, which combined with trade disruptions has led to rapid price increases for some imported products, including fuel. Farmers have been affected by lower wholesale prices for some crops, higher input prices, and limited access to credit.
Taken together, these shocks have weakened consumption, investment, and trade, and disrupted businesses’ operations and the supply of labor and inputs.
“While there were initial signs of stabilization in some areas in May and June, with mobility improving and logistics disruptions easing, overall economic activity remained very weak and a further contraction is likely from July onwards due to the recent surge in COVID-19 cases,” said Kim Alan Edwards, World Bank Senior Economist for Myanmar.
The current third wave of COVID-19 is posing an immediate threat to lives, livelihoods, and the economy, especially given the lack of capacity in the public health system to adequately respond. While testing rates remain limited, extremely high positivity rates among those who have been tested indicate widespread community transmission. Combined with the impact of containment measures and precautionary behavior, this will amplify Myanmar’s economic challenges.
Over the longer term, recent events have the potential to jeopardize much of the development progress that has been made over the past decade. Significant impacts on investment, human capital accumulation, and the environment for doing business are likely to impair prospects for economic growth over the longer term..."
Source/publisher:
The World Bank (Washington, D.C.)
Date of publication:
2021-07-23
Date of entry/update:
2021-07-26
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
World Bank Group - Burma/Myanmar, Burma/Myanmar's relationship with the Global Economy, COVID-19 (Coronavirus), 2021 Burma/Myanmar coup d'état
Language:
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Description:
"Myanmar Economy Expected to Contract by 18 Percent in FY2021: Report..."
Source/publisher:
The World Bank (Washington, D.C.)
Date of publication:
2021-07-26
Date of entry/update:
2021-07-26
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
World Bank Group - Burma/Myanmar, Burma/Myanmar's relationship with the Global Economy, COVID-19 (Coronavirus), 2021 Burma/Myanmar coup d'état
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Description:
"A high-end office block in Myanmar linked to the country's military leaders is seeing an exodus of international organisations.
Coca-Cola, the World Bank and McKinsey have told the BBC they have moved out or are reviewing their leases at the Sule Square complex in Yangon.
The United Nations said the complex was built on land owned by the military.
Myanmar's military seized power from the democratically elected government in February.
It has been 100 days since the early morning coup, sparking mass protests across the country in which hundreds have died.
How Myanmar coup caused its healthcare to vanish
Could sanctions on Myanmar's military ever work?
Myanmar coup: What is happening and why?.
However, even before they took power on 1 February, Myanmar's military - which initially ruled the country for almost half a century after seizing power in 1962 - owned large areas of land and controlled companies involved in everything from mining to banking.
The land on which the building stands was leased from the military, according to a 2019 United Nations fact-finding mission report.
Last month, activist group Justice for Myanmar called on 18 tenants of the complex of offices and shops in the heart of Myanmar's commercial hub Yangon to stop indirectly supporting the army.
"Sule Square has big-name tenants that continue to lease office space in the building, indirectly supporting the army," Justice for Myanmar said in a report.
According to news agency Reuters, six of the companies have said they have moved out or were reviewing their plans, but only one mentioned the military link. Other firms cited various reasons, including business prospects.
In a statement via email, Coca-Cola told the BBC that it would not renew its lease when it ends in the middle of next month due to "changing business requirements".
"Our office-based employees at Coca-Cola Limited (Myanmar) will continue to work from home for the rest of 2021 as part of overall safety measures. We will be communicating our new office location at a later date," it added.
In a statement sent to the BBC, consultancy McKinsey & Company said: "We no longer have space in a serviced office leased in Sule Square. We terminated our lease in early 2021."
Reuters said it is not currently using its Sule Square office and was reviewing its tenancy.
A spokesperson for the World Bank Group, which also has an office in the complex, told the BBC that it was "assessing the situation in Myanmar, according to internal policies and procedures".
Norway's state-owned telecoms operator Telenor said it had known that the military owned the land Sule Square is built on before it moved in but it had picked the location due to a number of reasons, including safety. Telenor has not said whether or not it plans to move out of the building.
Sule Square, which is close to the historic Sule Pagoda in Yangon, opened in 2017. It was developed by a local affiliate of Hong Kong listed Shangri-La Asia, which also manages the building and a neighbouring hotel.
Shangri-La said in 2017 that it had invested $125m (£88.5m) in the development.
Source/publisher:
"BBC News" (London)
Date of publication:
2021-05-12
Date of entry/update:
2021-05-12
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Political prisoners and other violations in Burma - reports, Right to Life: reports of violations in Burma, Human Rights and international relations, Anti-coup protesters, Spring Revolution, International Relations, Business and the Military, World Bank Group - Burma/Myanmar, 2021 Burma/Myanmar coup d'état
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Topic:
World Bank, Myanmar, Asia, Rohingya
Sub-title:
Rights groups are concerned that the development initiative could exacerbate divisions in the conflict-torn state.
Topic:
World Bank, Myanmar, Asia, Rohingya
Description:
"Aid groups and human rights advocates have warned the World Bank that a $100m development project it is planning for Myanmar's conflict-riven Rakhine State could worsen tensions in the area.
Last Friday, the World Bank published the first details of a proposal to fund cash-for-work programmes and support small businesses in one of Myanmar's poorest regions, with a plan to funnel these funds through the Myanmar government.
"It is difficult to imagine how meaningful recovery and development are possible in Rakhine without addressing the underlying human rights issues that currently impact every aspect of life for communities," more than a dozen Myanmar-based non-governmental organisations (NGOs) said in a letter to the World Bank's Myanmar office..."
Source/publisher:
"Al Jazeera" (Qatar)
Date of publication:
2019-05-17
Date of entry/update:
2019-10-18
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Arakan (Rakhine) State - reports etc. by date (latest first), World Bank Group - Burma/Myanmar, Discrimination against the Rohingya, Internal displacement/forced migration of Rohingyas, Burmese refugees in Bangladesh
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Description:
"IN RESPONSE to emerging environmental issues caused by heavy reliance on natural resources, Myanmar has come up with new policies on national environment and climate change as well as a master plan, Kyaw Zaw, deputy permanent secretary at the natural and environmental conservation ministry, said.
The official told The Nation on Tuesday that Myanmar’s efforts in conserving the environment will become more effective once the new policies and guidelines are in place. “In the past, some of our operations were not as effective as expected because we lacked concrete policy framework and rules,” he said. “Our president recently announced the national environment policy and the climate-change master plan, with support from the United Nations Environment Programme [UNEP] and other development partners. We are now implementing these policies to ensure we protect our environment well.” Kyaw Zaw said the policies would be implemented through short- and long-term development plans. Also, he said, investment will be made in the implementation of policies in cooperation with development partners. President Win Myint announced the launch of the policies on June 5, World Environment Day. He said the aim was to ensure a clean environment with healthy, functioning ecosystems as well as a carbon-resilient, low-carbon society. He also urged investment in renewable energy. Kyaw Zaw, meanwhile, stressed on the need to cooperate with the private sector, urging businesses to follow the environment ministry’s instructions to create a sustainable society. “Whenever a development project is implemented, there can be adverse impacts – both socially and physically. As a regulator, we are trying to minimise such impacts,” he said. On Monday, the environment ministry held talks with World Bank Myanmar to foster cooperation in conservation work. The discussion focused on investment issues, development and capacity building works in prioritised regions, translating newly-prepared instructions into ethnic languages, effective cooperation with locals, drawing up programmes for joint funding to implement waste-management strategy, cooperation with respective states and regions to manage tourism-related wastes..."
Source/publisher:
"The Nation Thailand"
Date of publication:
2019-06-12
Date of entry/update:
2019-08-31
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
Climate Change - Burma/Myanmar: general, Climate Change - Migration Burma/Myanmar, The impact of climate change on the global environment, Studies of the regional environment, World Bank Group - Burma/Myanmar
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Title: Benchmarking of Myanmar’s Food Systems: Evidence and Strategic Directions – Executive Summary
Description:
"Except for a limited few natural resource-rich countries, no country has made a transition
to high income status without a successful process of agricultural transformation. This
transformation is a multi-stage process of structural change involving fundamental shifts in resource
utilization, farm and value chain organization, product composition, and the scale and types of
contributions to a country’s macroeconomy. For most countries, dynamic changes in agriculture predate and help to foster broader patterns of economic structural transformation. Conversely, a stagnant
and underproductive agriculture can halt overall economic development in its tracks and limit a
country’s capacity to address inequalities between rural and urban areas, thereby incubating instability. These lessons from international experience strongly apply to Myanmar. Agriculture still
represents a large share of Myanmar’s GDP and labor force. Taking into account forward and backward
linkages, Myanmar’s agri-food sector still accounts for nearly 42 of GDP and 58 percent of employment.
Agriculture’s effectiveness in generating raw materials and a diversified mix of quality and safe food
products will continue to play a vital role in the development of the country’s manufacturing and
services sectors. And, the sector’s profitability will strongly impact the scope for domestic financial
resource mobilization as well as the ultimate size of the domestic consumer class. A vibrant agriculture
can support the development of a healthy urban economy, while a struggling agriculture will simply
absorb resources and retard the country’s overall competitiveness.
Poverty in Myanmar is primarily a rural and agriculture-related phenomenon and must
be largely addressed in these contexts. Of the 15.8 million people classified as poor in 2015, 87
percent lived in rural areas. Rural out-migration, both to cities and other countries, can play some role
in reducing poverty, but not for the bulk of Myanmar’s poor households. Much of the solution to poverty
in Myanmar will have to be found in rural areas, both through agriculture and non-agricultural activities.
Nearly half of the country’s poverty reduction between 2005 and 2015 is attributable directly to progress..."
Source/publisher:
World Bank
Date of publication:
2019-01-01
Date of entry/update:
2019-07-13
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Individual Documents
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Description:
"Myanmar, the largest country in Southeast Asia, has the least developed economy in the region
(UNDP 2013)1 despite having some abundant natural resources and a relatively low population
density. The current level of development is illustrated by Myanmar’s substantial shortfall in energy
supply, with only 33% of households connected to grid electricity supply.
Recognising that access to electricity is an important pillar in raising livelihoods (particularly in rural
areas where 70% of Myanmar’s poor live) and achieving broad economic development, the
Government of Myanmar (GoM) aims to rapidly increase power generation and electrification across
the country over the next 10-20 years to provide affordable and reliable energy. Key sector targets
include increasing national generation capacity by 500-1,000 MW per year over the next 10 years to
reach 16,665 MW of installed capacity, and increasing the electrification rate to 75% by 2021/2022,
then to 100% by 2030, and increasing increase energy exports to increase foreign exchange earnings.
To meet these targets the government is considering a mix of power generation options, including gas,
hydropower and other renewable energy alternatives. Given that the country is rich in hydropower
resources, being home to major river basins and high annual rainfall in most areas, hydropower looms
as an important contributor to the provision of affordable electricity. Almost the entire Ayeyarwady
River Basin (91%, covering ~372,907km2
) lies within Myanmar, as well as close to half of the
Thanlwin basin (42%, covering ~127,745km2
) and a small area of the Mekong basin (2.7%, covering
~ 22,070 km2
). In addition, the Sittaung River Basin and the Rakhine and Tanintharyi coastal basins
are other notable resources.
But these substantial aquatic resources provide a range of essential ecosystem services that will be lost
or degraded by inappropriate large-scale hydropower development, including maintaining river
ecological and geomorphic processes, and providing important livelihood resources, therefore
hydropower development must be sustainable.
Hydropower development is at an early stage in Myanmar, with 29 hydropower projects (HPPs)
greater than 10 MW capacity in operation, totalling 3,298 MW installed capacity, while an additional
six HPPs are under construction with an installed capacity of 1,564 MW, the largest being the 1,050
MW Shweli 3 hydropower plant in the Ayeyarwady Basin (Figure 1.1). In contrast, GoM has received
proposals for the development of a further 51 hydropower projects totalling 42,968 MW. There are
also an additional 18 sites have been identified for potential hydropower development by
state/regional governments totalling 994 MW. The sector is moving towards larger projects and away
from Government-dominated development towards being driven by private enterprise..."
Source/publisher:
World Bank
Date of publication:
2019-01-30
Date of entry/update:
2019-07-12
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
World Bank Group - Burma/Myanmar, Assessment of hydropower projects in Burma/Myanmar, Publications on the environment of Burma/Myanmar
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Description:
"This chapter outlines the status of hydropower development in in Myanmar. In absence of a
hydropower policy or plan in Myanmar, the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) will assess
the existing hydropower plants and planned projects in the major river basins and sub-basins.
Sixteen years after the World’s first hydropower plant was commissioned in 1882 in Wisconsin, USA,
the first hydropower plant in Myanmar was built on the Yeni River with an installed capacity of
460 kilowatt (kW). Only in 1960 was the first large hydropower plant completed in Myanmar, the
first phase of the 168 megawatts (MW) Baluchaung II hydropower plant, taking advantage of part of
the available 650-meter (m) head at Lawpita Falls in the Thanlwin Basin south of Loikaw in Shan
State. Development of large hydropower power continued, accelerating after 2000, and has now
reached about 3,331 MW, including small and mini hydropower plants. Twenty-nine power plants are
in the range 10 MW - 790 MW, totalling 3,298 MW (Figure 1.1).
Of the 29 power plants already operating, twelve have been built by the Ministry of Electricity and
Energy (MoEE, 1,474 MW), three by the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation (MoALI,
144 MW) and seven by MoEE and MoALI in cooperation (492 MW). A further four have been built
by Myanmar private developers, and three by foreign developers in joint venture with MoEE.
Thirteen of the dams already built by MoEE and MoALI are multipurpose dams with irrigation and
hydropower (12 MW - 280 MW) being the main uses of the dam. Figure 1.2 shows the locations of
existing hydropower plant and planned hydropower projects..."
Source/publisher:
World Bank
Date of publication:
2019-01-30
Date of entry/update:
2019-07-12
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
World Bank Group - Burma/Myanmar, Assessment of hydropower projects in Burma/Myanmar, Burma's water bodies - general
Language:
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pdf
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5.07 MB
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Description:
"This report is the Geomorphic and Sediment Transport Baseline Assessment Report (Chapter 3) for
the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) of the Hydropower Sector in Myanmar. Subsequent
reports will provide an environmental vulnerability and hydropower sustainability assessment of the
Business as Usual (BAU) hydropower development scenario, and recommendations and mitigation
options related to sustainable hydropower development in Myanmar.
This Baseline report defines the extent of the study, provides an overview of the geology and
geomorphic characteristics of rivers in Myanmar, discusses how geomorphic processes can be altered
by hydropower development, provides an overview of the status of fluvial (river related) geomorphic
processes and a trend analysis identifying potential future changes in the absence of hydropower
development.
The review draws on the available literature and includes an analysis of limited flow and sediment
transport data. Major findings of the review include:
• Myanmar has a highly complex geologic and tectonic setting that combined with the
hydrology of the region controls the ‘natural’ geomorphic processes. The distribution of older
‘hard’ mountain ranges in the north and east of the country, and younger ‘softer’ active
mountain belts in the west result in sediment loads with differing characteristics being derived
from the different areas of the country. Hard, resistant sands are derived from the weathering
of the ‘harder’ strata, while fine-grained silts and clays are predominantly derived from the
‘soft’ strata;
• Large alluvial basins are located between the mountain ranges that temporarily store
sediment. These areas can provide large ‘pulses’ of sediment in response to short-duration
high intensity rainfall events;
• Sediment storage also occurs within the Ayeyarwady - Sittaung delta complex and along the
western and eastern coastal areas where the rivers of the Rakhine and Tanintharyi,
respectively, deliver sediment from the mountainous coastal areas. The stability of these areas
is dependent on the continued supply of sediment from the mountains to the coastline;
• The flood pulse hydrology of the rivers in Myanmar governs the movement of water and
sediment through the river systems. The hydrology of some sub-basins has been altered
through the development of hydropower and irrigation, and seasonal water and sediment
flows at the sub-basin level have likely occurred associated with these developments and
other land use changes. More detailed monitoring and analysis is required to identify potential
impacts at the basin scale;
The key themes related to hydropower development are the alteration of water and sediment flows
associated with river regulation. The potential interaction between these changes and land use changes
(mining), other water uses (irrigation), floodplain developments and aggregate extraction from rivers
also need to be considered and understood for the implementation of ‘sustainable’ hydropower.
Substantial data gaps have been identified during this review. These include:
• A need for systematic geomorphic descriptions of the rivers at a scale that can be used to
assess potential changes to rivers in response to hydropower or other water resource
developments;
• More detailed suspended and bedload sediment transport information is needed from subbasins and mainstem rivers to provide the required information to underpin sustainable
hydropower development. This information is also required for effective management of
sand and gravel mining, as well as understanding the dynamics of the river;
• Detailed flow information from sub-catchments and mainstream rivers is required at a higher
resolution than provided by the present network of flow gauges. This information may be able
to be provided through the development of catchment hydrologic models;
• Information about the characteristics of sediment moving through the system, including grainsize and mineralogy. Grain-size will allow a better understanding of what flows are required
to transport sediment and mineralogy will provide information about the source of the
material;
vi
• More information is required about how individual hydropower projects will alter flow
regimes at the sub-basin level, how sediments will be managed and what mitigation strategies
are to be included in the project design. A sound understanding of the project is required to
understand how it will affect the upstream and downstream environments;
• More information is required about other planned water resource developments that have the
potential to alter flow and sediment regimes. A sub-basin and basin management approach to
water resource development is required to minimize impacts and maximize outcomes;
• An increased understanding of how climate change may affect the river systems is needed for
long-term sustainable planning of hydropower and other water resource developments.
The review has found that even in the absence of additional hydropower development there are
substantial pressures on the river systems of Myanmar, related to existing hydropower projects (both
in Myanmar and upstream of the border), land use changes such as mining, deforestation, sand and
gravel mining, irrigation extractions, and floodplain and river modifications. Catchment management
at the sub-basin scale is required to control and manage these activities, and the implementation of
stringent Government policies to minimize impacts from these activities is warranted. Sustainable
hydropower can only be developed within a catchment that is being sustainable managed with respect
to other land use and water resource activities..."
Source/publisher:
World Bank
Date of publication:
2019-01-30
Date of entry/update:
2019-07-12
Grouping:
Individual Documents
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pdf
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Description:
"Biodiversity and linked natural resources and ecosystem services in Myanmar provide the foundation
for human development and well-being. Ecosystem health equates to human health and productive
economic sectors and livelihoods. Maintenance and enhancement of ecosystem health is a prerequisite
for sustainable, resilience and acceptable hydropower development.
This chapter provides a national overview of the status and trends in biodiversity, identifying some of
the main themes and issues, and the drivers of change which are shaping ecosystem health and their
capacity to maintain ecosystem services. A summary of baseline biodiversity in the eight main river
basins1
in Myanmar is presented. Important spatial layers used to define and describe high priority
biodiversity areas are ecoregions, Keys Biodiversity Areas (KBAs), Protected Areas (PAs) and
biodiversity corridors. The chapter assesses the status of ecoregions that fall within each basin and the
distribution of KBAs and PAs. Ecoregions, KBAs and PAs for each basin are analysed and mapped to
describe the distribution of biodiversity areas by basin and for 58 sub-basins.
Also, maps and plots are presented to visualize key trends in forest degradation over the past 15 years
as a foundation indicator for trends in biodiversity health overall - ie in species, habitats and genetic
resources. For each basin, a line plot of cumulative forest loss was derived using data from Hansen et
al., (2013)2
, where forest loss was determined for open forest (greater than 10% and less than or equal
to 40% canopy cover), medium-closed canopy cover (more than 40% and less than or equal to 80%
canopy cover), and intact forest (greater than 80% canopy cover). Maps and tables are supplemented
with descriptions of the biodiversity status of each basin, along with drivers of change. Each basin
biodiversity profile highlights key PAs that fall within basin boundaries, as a way drilling down so
that overall trends are illustrated through location specific case examples.
While this chapter is intended as a baseline of terrestrial biodiversity for later assessment of planned
hydropower projects, it provides a baseline to inform biodiversity conservation and development
planning across all sectors. Hydropower development could play a very important role in supporting
the Government of Myanmar implement the Aichi targets on biodiversity conservation. The tenth
meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biodiversity Conservation, held in
October 2010, in Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture, Japan, adopted a revised and updated Strategic Plan for
Biodiversity, including the Aichi Biodiversity Targets, for the 2011-2020 period. As Myanmar is a
party to the Convention, this Plan provides an overarching framework on biodiversity management as
a foundation for sustainable development and livelihoods and for community and ecosystem wellbeing.
At this outset of this baseline assessment chapter on biodiversity it is important to keep a number of
the Aichi Biodiversity targets in mind as a framework for analysis and assessment throughout the
SEA. Relevant targets include:
• Target 5: By 2020, the rate of loss of all natural habitats, including forests, is at least halved
and where feasible brought close to zero, and degradation and fragmentation is significantly
reduced.
• Target 6: By 2020 all fish and invertebrate stocks and aquatic plants are managed and
harvested sustainably, legally and applying ecosystem based approaches, so that overfishing is
avoided, recovery plans and measures are in place for all depleted species, fisheries have no
significant adverse impacts on threatened species and vulnerable ecosystems and the impacts
of fisheries on stocks, species and ecosystems are within safe ecological limits..."
Source/publisher:
World Bank
Date of publication:
2019-06-01
Date of entry/update:
2019-07-12
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
World Bank Group - Burma/Myanmar, Biodiversity - global and regional, Biodiversity - Burma/Myanmar-related
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Description:
"The main rivers of Myanmar have been briefly described. The Ayeyarwady river system has been
divided up into the Upper, Middle and Lower Ayeyarwady, leading into the Delta. The Chindwin is a
large tributary of the Ayeyarwady and has been described separately, so that there are five main basins
of the Ayeyarwady river system. The Thanlwin is described from the point of entry into Myanmar from
China through to its estuary at Mawlamyine. It has a very different character to the Ayeyarwady system,
being principally a narrow rock cut channel for most of its length. The Sittaung is a much smaller river
system running from north to south between the two major river basins, before discharging into the
Gulf of Mottama. The Myit Ma Hka and Bago river basins are two very small basins near Yangon
between the Sittaung and Ayeyarwady. There are two coastal river basins, the Rakhine coastal basin
consisting of a number of smaller rivers, including the Kaladan, Lemyo and Mayu rivers, with water
arising in the Rakhine Yoma and flowing into the Bay of Bengal, and in the Tanintharyi coastal basin
which contains the Tanintharyi and Lenya rivers, flowing into the Andaman Sea.
In the absence of strong data bases to describe the ecological value of the different river systems in
Myanmar, the approach has been taken of attributing importance of different aspects to a standard
dataset classifying all of the 36 different types of river reach found in Myanmar rivers. River reach
rarity according to the total lengths of river reach is taken as an important ecological attribute, as are
the areas around confluences and rivers flowing through limestone karst geology. Reaches lying within
known areas where endemic fish species are found, including areas such as the Rakhine and Bago
Yomas, headwaters of the Ayeyarwady and Chindwin, Indawgyi and Inle Lake areas and in the
Tanintharyi coastal rivers. The important river and wetland areas have been noted including those
identified from the Key Biodiversity Areas, Ramsar and potential Natural World Heritage Sites and
wetlands surveyed during the 2004 Wetland Inventory of Myanmar. The IBAT and IUCN Redlist
databases have been used to identify areas important for threatened species of turtles, molluscs, aquatic
insects, crustacea and aquatic plants. Similarly, the likely presence of threatened fish species in different
sub-basins has been used to identify importance of river reaches using the IBAT and Redlist databases.
The importance of migratory fish such as Hilsa, eels, and Tor species are recognized and the mainstem
reaches of each river receive recognition of the importance of ecosystem connectivity. Areas where
aquatic mammals are found such as the Irrawady Dolphin and otter species have been described. The
process provides an identification of the ecological sensitivity of the different river reaches in all the
rivers in Myanmar, except for the Rakhine Coastal Basin, where the primary river reach database does
not extend. These rivers are described qualitatively.
The ecosystem services provided by Myanmar’s rivers have been described qualitatively. In particular,
detail has been provided on the fisheries provisioning services, which is one of the most important
ecosystem services provided by the rivers. Information is provided on the freshwater and inshore
fisheries and aquaculture and their contributions to livelihoods and nutrition of people living along the
rivers. The distribution of the leasehold areas for commercial fishing by township is provided. Note is
taken of the increasing recognition of the role of women in the fisheries sector. An analysis of the
distribution of fish species which have different utilization is provided – commercial uses, subsistence
and their potential as ornamental species. Other provisioning services include timber and textile
materials from riparian vegetation, and the use of molluscs, crustacea and turtle species for food.
Regulating services include hydrological services such as the seasonal flows patterns, groundwater
recharge, flood alleviation in the floodplains, sediment transport and sand and gravel extraction, and
maintenance of water quality. Supporting services include nutrient transport from the upper reaches to
the floodplains and delta, biodiversity support providing ecosystems and habitats for the different
lifecycles of fish and other aquatic organisms, and the river connectivity, which is so important for
migratory species. Cultural services include the cultural importance of the rivers of Myanmar to its
peoples, and of specific features such as confluences e.g. at Myitsone, deep pools, rapids and water
falls. Cultural services include navigation and tourism, especially on the Ayeyarwady..."
Source/publisher:
World Bank
Date of publication:
2019-01-30
Date of entry/update:
2019-07-12
Grouping:
Individual Documents
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pdf
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Description:
"The aim of social and livelihood baseline report is to provide background information for an enhanced
understanding by decision makers and other stakeholders of the range of stakeholder values and
priorities that need to be taken into account in formulating the sustainable hydropower development
pathway.
Selected policies, plans and priorities for social issues and livelihoods are briefly described. These
include: 20-year National Comprehensive Development Plan 2011-2031 (NCDP); Comprehensive
Development Vision of 2010-35; 2nd 5-Year National Plan from 2016-17 to 2020-21; Framework for
Economic and Social Reforms" (FESR); National Social Protection Strategic Plan; and National
Urban System of Myanmar and the Urban Development Prioritization. National Strategic Plan for the
Advancement of Women. National Land Use Policy (NLUP).
Demographics, urbanization, migration are relevant for hydropower sector planning as they are
issues that sets the backdrop for energy demand assessment and broader energy supply planning. By
2040, the population is forecast to be 62.8 million. The annual population growth rate has decreased
from 2.1 in 1985 to 0.9 in 2015. The average household size, indicating degree of modernization, is
significantly higher in predominantly ethnic minority areas than in Barma dominated areas.
Population density, indicating general pressure on, and demand for resources, is significantly lower in
predominantly ethnic minority areas. Two million people live outside Myanmar (2014), 70% in
Thailand. 1.2 million are men. The largest numbers of emigrants are from Mon, Kayin, Shan, Bago
and Rakhine. Employment and search for employment is the main driver of migration. The urban
growth rate is at 2.5%, rural growth rate 0% (2015). There is strong rural to urban migration with
Yangon and Mandalay being the main centres of attraction. Yangon has 4.7 million people (36% of
urban population), while Mandalay has a population of 1.2 million (9%). 40% of the town population
live in towns with between 25,000 and 250,000 people and 25% of the town population live in around
100 towns of less than 100,000 people.
Occupations and livelihoods are relevant for potential impacts on livelihoods that are directly
dependent on rivers and related natural resources. However, Census 2014 aggregate occupations in
agriculture, forestry and fishing into one category, and this constrains the analysis of livelihoods that
are mainly dependent on river resources. The largest category in Census 2014 data on ‘usual
activities’ of people is ‘own account worker’ (‘self-employed’). A measure of the dependence on
rivers for livelihoods is attempted through the proxy indicator of ownership to boats, which was
included in the Census 2014.
Poverty, vulnerability to flooding, food security: hydropower plants’ potential direct impacts on
poor people can be significant with both negative and positive effects. The latest nation-wide poverty
data from 2010 are sample based not allowing for basin level analysis. The poverty incidence
decreased between 2005 and 2010 in all State/Regions, except Chin urban. However, many
households fluctuate around the poverty line and temporary, or transitory poverty, affected 28% of all
households vs. 10% of all households that are chronically poor between 2005-2010. Transitory
poverty is linked to the extensive dependence of the majority of the population on agriculture and
natural resources with the associated vulnerability to floods and droughts, storms and diseases. The
potential for flood protection measures is an important consideration in Myanmar. Between 1970 and
2016, 12.4 million people were affected by floods; of these 11.2 million were affected by riverine
floods in 15 events. Large parts of rural Myanmar are still vulnerable to food insecurity especially
caused by natural disasters. About half a million people were in need of food assistance in Myanmar
in January 2017. 35% of children under the age of five suffer chronic malnutrition. Vulnerabilities
with direct linkages to hydropower development include: storm surge, flood, drought, earthquake and
landslides. Other vulnerabilities include under-and malnutrition and trafficking/migration..."
Source/publisher:
World Bank
Date of publication:
2019-01-30
Date of entry/update:
2019-07-12
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
World Bank Group - Burma/Myanmar, Assessment of hydropower projects in Burma/Myanmar, Publications on the environment of Burma/Myanmar
Language:
Format :
pdf
Size:
4.82 MB
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Description:
"Fisheries and aquaculture make a significant contribution to Myanmar’s economy. The fisheries
sector contributes roughly 2 percent of Myanmar’s gross domestic product (GDP), 50 percent of
animal protein consumption, 6 percent of employment—rising to as high as 34 percent in some coastal
areas—and up to 56 percent of state/regional government revenue. Marine fisheries, freshwater
fisheries, and aquaculture contribute to production in roughly equal proportions, for a total annual
production of 3 million tons.
Fisheries’ contributions to economic output and employment in Myanmar still lag behind other
countries in the region. For instance, the aquaculture sector alone contributes more to the GDP of
Bangladesh and Vietnam (at more than 3 percent and more than 5 percent, respectively) than the
entire fisheries sector’s contribution to GDP in Myanmar.
There is a scarcity of scientific data on which to base the management of Myanmar’s fisheries.
Official catch estimates show an inexorable rise in marine fisheries’ production, but these are
contradicted by stock assessment data suggesting that between 1979 and 2013 pelagic stocks fell
by as much as 90 percent and demersal stocks by around 50 percent..."
Source/publisher:
World Bank
Date of publication:
2019-06-01
Date of entry/update:
2019-07-11
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
World Bank Group - Burma/Myanmar, Fisheries (including aquaculture and fishing), Sustainable/alternative development in and for Burma, Food Security and nutrition in Burma/Myanmar, The forests of Burma/Myanmar - General, Environmentalists of Burma/Myanmar
Language:
Format :
pdf
Size:
2.04 MB
more
Description:
"Myanmar’s forest and timber sector has been central to the country’s economy and society,
particularly over the last century. Myanmar’s forests contain some of the most valued species in the
world—particularly rosewood, ironwood, and teak. Myanmar also has one of the most longstanding
forest management systems in the tropics. Today, despite reduced timber extraction revenues, wood
industry still generates over 8 percent of formal government revenues. Beyond timber, rural society
largely depends on non-timber forest products (NTFPs) and agroforestry for food, medicine, and wood
fuel, which is by far the most important energy source in rural Myanmar, with between 60 percent and
80 percent of communities relying on this source. Some of Myanmar’s forests also form some of the
world’s most critically important biodiversity ‘hotspots’.
The importance of Myanmar’s forests is not limited to their wood products alone:
• Forest governance and the peace process are directly intertwined: Two-thirds of Myanmar’s
remaining forested areas are managed by ethnic groups, in many cases through customary
tenure systems, with much of this forest located in conflict areas. It is evident that inclusive forest
governance and natural resource management and empowering local agents will contribute to
the national peace-building process and reduce conflict.
• Community forestry (CF) and smallholder plantations are financially and socially viable and
can meaningfully contribute to rural income generation, provided the appropriate institutions,
rights, incentives, and technical support are in place. Community-based forestry programs
represent international best practice, providing tenure to communities to stimulate investments
and creating trust, income, and business opportunities.
• Wood processing can enhance exports and rural jobs creation. Myanmar currently loses
economic value from limited or wasteful low-quality timber processing of some of the world’s
most valuable timber. Looking to other countries in the region, Vietnam invested heavily in high
value-added processing and forest small and medium enterprises (SMEs) over the last 10 years,
and today is the fifth largest exporter of wood products with revenue exceeding that of Myanmar
more than twentyfold in value. The looming global supply gap for wood products will most likely
boost this sector even more in the future.
• At the same time, forests and mangroves provide significant ecosystem services for water
catchment, habitat for flora and fauna, carbon storage, soil nutrient recovery, and increasingly
important disaster risk protection. With accelerating climate change, forests’ role in both
mitigation and, more crucially, adaptation will be increasingly essential (improving basin-level
hydrological functions, especially maintaining moisture recycling and rainfall and reducing
droughts and floods), especially for downstream/lowland populations.
In the years before the democratic transition, forest areas were largely over-logged to maximize
timber revenues with little consideration for sustainability, which resulted in widespread degradation
of the Permanent Forest Estate (PFE). Illegal logging and corrupt practices are still ongoing, but in 2014,
a log export ban (alongside other policy measures) was imposed to stop the plundering of production
forests. Since then, the forest and timber sector is undergoing a series of reforms to better control and
manage the resources in a more socially inclusive and transparent way. Although the current direction
is positive, and there is high political ownership by the government and society, progress is still slow..."
Source/publisher:
World Bank
Date of publication:
2019-06-01
Date of entry/update:
2019-07-11
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
World Bank Group - Burma/Myanmar, Sustainable agriculture - Burma/Myanmar, Fisheries (including aquaculture and fishing), Food Security and nutrition in Burma/Myanmar, The forests of Burma/Myanmar - General, Sustainable/alternative development in and for Burma, Environmentalists of Burma/Myanmar
Language:
Format :
pdf
Size:
3.02 MB
more
Description:
"Hydropower development in Myanmar has potentially wide-ranging impacts. Hydropower
development in Myanmar is taking place in the context of sustained and rapid economic growth over
approximately the last two decades. This has been driven predominantly by growth in the industrial
sector, although growth in the agricultural and service sectors has also been important. Extractive and
natural-resourced based industries have been an important component of this growth with natural gas,
minerals and timber comprising the lion’s share of exports.
The economics baseline develops a broad strategic picture of relevant economic sectors, highlights
development and environmental issues, identifies interactions with hydropower development and
potential cumulative impacts of hydropower and other economic development. Based upon
consultations throughout potentially hydropower affected areas of the country, five economic sectors
were identified as having important linkages with hydropower that the SEA should investigate, these
were i) the Power sector; ii) Agriculture; iii) Forestry; iv) Mining; and, v)Transportation.
Power sector - Hydropower has significant direct economic benefits. It represents an important part
of grid-based electricity generation, accounting for around 3.5 GW of installed capacity and 72% of
grid-based electricity generation in 2014. The value of the electricity generated per year is best
estimated in terms of the value of alternative supply of electricity, which would make the
approximately 6,920 GWh generated by hydropower in 2014 worth USD 735 million.1
Agriculture - agriculture has expended relatively rapidly since the 1990s with significant increases in
land under cultivation, irrigable area and cropping intensity. The use of agricultural inputs has also
grown rapidly with increases in the use of agricultural chemicals and mechanisation in particular.
These changes have led to significant increases in agricultural productivity over the last two decades.
However, in recent years value-added growth in the sector has been low. Significant interactions
between hydropower and agriculture include:
• Reduced nutrient transport;
• Reduced deltaic stability;
• Increased erosion downstream of HP plants;
• Unseasonal changes in water flow or availability;
• Loss of riverbank gardens associated with changes in flow regime and/or sedimentation;
• Loss of agricultural land in area inundated by HP plants with a reservoir;
• Loss of access to land in watershed protection area;
• Reduced flooding of plants managed for flood reduction;
• Increased water availability for irrigation if plants managed for multiple use;
• Improved electricity supply;
• Deforestation and knock-on consequences for other sectors (such as flooding, erosion and soil
degradation) and biodiversity loss;
• Increased pollution from agricultural run-off compounding reservoir water-quality issues; and,
• Increased soil degradation, erosion and sedimentation caused by agricultural practices.
Forestry - forestry represents a relatively small and declining share of GDP. Although value-added
has grown considerably since the early 2000s, in recent years production in the sector has declined, in
part due to policies banning the export of raw timber. Illegally exported timber, not accounted for in
official statistics, is typically smuggled across the border to China, remains important. The key
development and environmental issue associated with the forest sector is deforestation and
unsustainable use of timber resources. Important interactions with hydropower development were
identified as:
• Clearance of forest from inundation areas and transmission line corridors;
• Deforestation through better access to forests, through road and other infrastructure, including
during the plant construction period; and
• Increased watershed erosion due to deforestation and sedimentation in reservoir..."
Source/publisher:
World Bank
Date of publication:
2019-01-30
Date of entry/update:
2019-07-11
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
World Bank Group - Burma/Myanmar, Sustainable agriculture - Burma/Myanmar, Fisheries (including aquaculture and fishing), The forests of Burma/Myanmar - General, The impact of natural disasters on the environment and people of Burma/Myanmar
Format :
pdf
Size:
2.56 MB
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Description:
"Myanmar’s economy is navigating significant uncertainty and risks at home and abroad. A year after violent
upheaval in Rakhine State led to the forced displacement of over seven hundred thousand refugees1
to
Bangladesh, limited progress has been made in resolving fundamental issues relating to rights, repatriation and
recovery. Global economic and trade prospects have also become more uncertain. Myanmar’s economic growth
is expected to slow from 6.8 percent in 2017/18 to 6.2 percent in 2018/19, which is still robust by regional and
global standards. Macroeconomic volatility has intensified since the May 2018 Myanmar Economic Monitor,
with inflation breaching two-year highs in August 2018, and the kyat depreciating by 18 percent against the U.S.
dollar since April. Growth is projected to recover to 6.6 percent by 2020/21, helped by recent policy changes
such as the adoption of the Myanmar Sustainable Development Plan, liberalization of wholesale and retail trade,
implementation of the Myanmar Companies Law and large investments in infrastructure projects including
those related to the Belt and Road Initiative. Risks to the outlook are tilted to the downside due to the possibility
of a global slowdown in trade, domestic macroeconomic imbalances, and the loss of trade-related preferences
to the European Union..."
Source/publisher:
World Bank
Date of publication:
2018-12-00
Date of entry/update:
2019-07-10
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
World Bank Group - Burma/Myanmar, Modernisation of Burma/Myanmar's economy, Burma/Myanmar's relationship with the Global Economy, World Bank and its Watchers
Language:
Format :
pdf
Size:
2.87 MB
Local URL:
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Sub-title:
Building Reform Momentum
Description:
"Myanmar’s economy is slowly picking up speed and regaining stability after a volatile 2018. Despite a
challenging global environment, Myanmar’s economic growth is expected to rise to 6.5 percent in 2018/19
from 6.4 percent in the Transition Period1 supported by strong performance in the manufacturing and services
sectors. Volatility that buffeted the economy in 2018 has started to ease. Inflation moderated, the kyat stabilized,
and fuel prices fell in Q1 2018/19, though there have been some reversals in prices in Q2. The economic
outlook looks positive, with growth expected to reach 6.7 percent in the medium-term. The recent decisions to
ease trade restrictions; open the financial sector to greater foreign competition; and begin mega infrastructure
projects signal a decisive and awaited uptick in reform momentum. Downside risks to the economic outlook
are driven by external factors, including possible revocation of preferential trade access under the European
Union Generalized System of Preferences. Slowing global and regional growth, especially in China, together
with renewed escalation of global trade tensions, could also slow exports and the flow of inbound foreign
investments. Insecurity in border areas, the Rakhine crisis, with violence and forced displacement of refugees,
and the recent flare-up in violence involving the Arakan Army, could affect investors’ sentiment. The 2020
general election is also a source of uncertainty..."
Source/publisher:
World Bank
Date of publication:
2019-06-01
Date of entry/update:
2019-07-10
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
World Bank Group - Burma/Myanmar, Modernisation of Burma/Myanmar's economy, Burma/Myanmar's relationship with the Global Economy, World Bank and its Watchers
Language:
Format :
pdf
Size:
2.92 MB
more
Description:
"Myanmar is rich in natural resources and is a global biodiversity hotspot. It is also a
country in the midst of a huge political and social change. For three decades, Myanmar
was ruled by a military junta. In 2015, free elections were held, and since then the
government has been grappling with the challenge of tackling poverty and developing the
country. However, the government is aware of the importance of managing its natural
wealth in a sustainable way as expressed in the Myanmar Sustainable Development Plan
(MSDP). This vision is supported by a recent World Bank The Changing Wealth of Nations
report that argues that the management of natural resources is critical to long-term
sustainable development (Lange, Wodon, and Carey 2018).
Myanmar’s forests and fishing industry are two significant contributors to the
economy, and yet these sectors are also potentially under threat from overexploitation
and mismanagement. The management of solid waste, air pollution, and the use of
plastics provides another growing challenge. In addition, the role of government and
other stakeholders in the management of these sectors and issues is central to whether
the government will succeed in reversing the current trends and be able to find a longterm sustainable solution to the problem.
This report explores the issues and challenges faced and the legal and institutional
context. Through a lens of poverty reduction, social inclusion and participation, and
economic growth, the report tells a story of an urgent need for institutional support
and reform, improvements in the enforcement against illegal extraction of resources,
behavior change in all relevant stakeholders, institutional capacity building, increased
funding, and improvements in data collection and analysis. If these recommendations
are acted on, then Myanmar can reverse the negative trends and lead its environment on
a path toward a more sustainable future..."
Source/publisher:
World Bank
Date of publication:
2019-06-11
Date of entry/update:
2019-07-10
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
World Bank Group - Burma/Myanmar, Sustainable agriculture - Burma/Myanmar, Food Security and nutrition in Burma/Myanmar, Sustainable/alternative development in and for Burma
Language:
Format :
pdf pdf pdf
Size:
6.77 MB 5.7 MB 2.38 MB
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Description:
''Rural communities in Myanmar have numerous economic, environmental, and social opportunities
but also face challenges as they seek a clear and solid pathway to development. The Government
of Myanmar (GoM), as well as several development and donor organizations, have recognized the
potential of community forestry (CF) to address many of these challenges. This recognition has taken
the form of targets for CF development (for example, 2.27 million acres [919,000 hectares (ha)] of
community forests by fiscal year 2030/31), legal frameworks (for example, Community Forestry
Instructions [CFIs], 1995 and 2016), and programs by state and non-state actors (NSAs).
The first steps in the development of a CF program in the country started in December 1995 with the
issuance of the CFI. The early years of CF, which can be defined as an emergent phase, were limited
by legislative and institutional challenges. However, recent years have seen the program develop with
focus moving from protection, with limited livelihood opportunities for communities with tenure to
their forests, to livelihood and enterprise development, recognizing that forests will only be protected
if local communities are allowed and able to tangibly benefit from their forests (for example, revised
CFI, 2016 and CF Strategy Action Plan, 2018–2020).
This work examines the state of CF and community forest enterprises (CFE) in Myanmar, assessing
their impacts, exploring the challenges to and opportunities for their upscaling, and from these
putting forward a series of recommendations to ensure that the program sustainably delivers for
forest communities as well as Myanmar as a whole...''
Source/publisher:
World Bank
Date of publication:
2019-06-01
Date of entry/update:
2019-07-10
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
World Bank Group - Burma/Myanmar, Sustainable agriculture - Burma/Myanmar, Fisheries (including aquaculture and fishing), Sustainable/alternative development in and for Burma, The forests of Burma/Myanmar - General
Language:
Format :
pdf
Size:
5.86 MB
more
Description:
"Myanmar's gross domestic product (GDP) was US$67 billion in 20171 and has been growing at a high
rate of 7.2 percent in 2013-2018. The GDP growth rate is expected to be 6.2 percent in the 2018/19
fiscal year (World Bank Group 2018). Most of the contribution to GDP growth in the past five years has
stemmed from industry (1.9 percentage points from manufacturing and 0.7 percentage points from
other industries) and services (3.9 percentage points).
Myanmar has relied heavily on natural resource exploitation to sustain economic growth, and
serious environmental issues are emerging, underlining the importance of transparent and robust
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) system. There are growing concerns around the impacts
of the large-scale development, including deforestation, depletion of inland and coastal fisheries,
land degradation, flooding and landslides, biodiversity loss, and the deterioration of water and air
quality (IFC 2017; Rai6er, Samson, and Nam 2015). A functioning EIA system is critical in identifying
and managing the potential impacts of large-scale development and striking the balance between
economic development, environmental conservation, and social inclusion.
Balancing economic growth and environmental protection remains a critical policy challenge.
Myanmar was ranked 171st in the World Bank Group Doing Business 2019 report; in terms of
environmental governance, Myanmar scored 138th out of 180 countries on the Yale Environmental
Performance Index in 2018. There is a need to improve business regulations while increasing efficiency
and effectiveness of EIA, monitoring, and compliance systems that support environmental and social
(E&S) sustainability. This also underlines the need for effective public participation in environment
and natural resources (ENR) management, which an effective EIA process can facilitate.
At the policy level, the Myanmar Sustainable Development Plan (MSDP) (2018-2030) and National
Environment Policy (2019) provide the foundation for mainstreaming ENR into development
planning. The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation (MONREC) and its
Environmental Conservation Department (ECD) have also set ambitious targets to recruit more than
19,000 staff by 2025 and establish 73 offices at the district level and 365 offices at the township
level. Internally, they have also recogni6ed the urgent need to strengthen EIA systems.
Significant progress has been achieved in recent years by the Government of Myanmar (GoM)
in establishing the legal and regulatory framework for environmental management. The GoM
has introduced the Environmental Conservation Law (ECL) (2012), supported by the Environment
Conservation Rules (ECR) (2014) and EIA Procedure (2015). The government has also set up an EIA
Division to oversee the review and approval of EIAs, Initial Environmental Examinations (IEEs), and
Environmental Management Plans (EMPs). Over the last three years, the World Bank, International
Finance Corporation (IFC), Asian Development Bank (ADB), United Nations Development Programme
(UNDP), Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Myanmar Center for Responsible Business
(MCRB) and other development partners have invested in building the capacity of ECD through support
to training and development of sector-specific guidelines..."
Source/publisher:
World Bank
Date of publication:
2019-06-01
Date of entry/update:
2019-07-10
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
World Bank Group - Burma/Myanmar, Sustainable agriculture - Burma/Myanmar, Fisheries (including aquaculture and fishing), Sustainable/alternative development in and for Burma, The forests of Burma/Myanmar - General, The impact of natural disasters on the environment and people of Burma/Myanmar
Language:
Format :
pdf
Size:
2.45 MB
more
Description:
"Urbani ation in M anmarisstill in an earIg phasewith The report,Mganmar banI$atI&On:Crea ing
slightl less than one-third of the population Iiving in oppor unl&tie8 forAllaims to understand urbani ation
cities.This presents anenormous opportunitg forthe in Mganmar drawing on the growing Iiterature on
countrg. Cities are engines of growth and prosperitg,the topic in Mganmar, especiallg for YQngon. It uses
which facilitate industries to growjobs,services and an inclusive urbani ation lens and proposes a set of
innovations. Cities are also fundamental to lifting prioritg policg areas for urgent attention that will
people out ofpoVertg through increased emplogment help to ensure the bene ts of urbani ation are wideig
opportunitiesandincomestociti ens. Nocountrg has reali ed given the projected growth of cities. An
reached middle income status without urbani ing. inclusion lens 15 particularl important in Mganmar as
the countrg transitions from a complex histor that
That being said,the wag that cities urbani e has been characteri ed bg decades ofeconomic and
15 importQnt to growth,p0Vertg Qnd IIVQbilitg. politicQI iSOIQtion,conflict,Qnd underdeVelopment.
If adequate investrnents are not made in basic
infrQstructure and services,urban planning,and in Inclusive urbani ation 15 reliant on three keg
ensuring a goVernance and 6nancing structure that dimensions;economic,social and spatial. Economic
can deliverforresidents,cities instead can end upwith inclusionreferstoequitable accesstoemplo mentand
mQjor problems of congestion,pollution,sprawl,and income-generating activities in a citg,and resilience
inequalitg which can create or worsen social divisions,to shocks. Spatial inclusion refers to equitable and
and potentiallg contribute to crime and violence. affordable access to Iand,housing,infrastructure
and basic public services. Social inclusion relates
to individual and group rights,equitg,securitg and
dignitg. Such aspects of social inclusion and exclusion
are relevant to groups who are often marginali ed in
da to-dag urban Iife..."
Source/publisher:
World Bank
Date of publication:
2019-06-06
Date of entry/update:
2019-07-10
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Language:
Format :
pdf pdf pdf pdf pdf
Size:
4.96 MB 7.58 MB 8.87 MB 2.25 MB 1.92 MB
Local URL:
2019-06-05-Myanmar’s-Urbanization_Creating-Opportunities-for-All-Full-Report -en-tu-red.pdf- 2019-06-05-Creating-Opportunities-for-All-Executive-Summary-en-red.pdf
- 2019-06-05-Creating-Opportunities-for-All-Executive-Summary- bu-red.pdf
- 2019-06-05-Creating-Opportunities-for-All-Overview-tu-en-red.pdf
- 2019-06-05-Creating-Opportunities-for-All-Overview-bu-red.pdf
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Description:
"The 2017 Myanmar Living Conditions Survey (MLCS) was implemented by the Central Statistical Organization (CSO) in the Ministry of Planning and Finance (MOPF), with financial and technical support from the World Bank and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). The MLCS was conducted over a 12-month period from December 2016 to December 2017. It covered 13,730 households sampled countrywide. The MLCS had the following objectives: (i) provide updated estimates of poverty and living conditions at the national, urban/rural and state and region levels; (ii) inform national data needs and selected Sustainable Development Goal targets; (iii) construct consumption weights for the national and regional CPI baskets; and (iv) estimate private consumption expenditure for the System of National Accounts.
This Poverty Report is the second in a series of three analytical reports: (i) Key Indicators Report; (ii) Poverty Report; and (iii) Socio-economic Report. It provides a basic diagnostic of poverty. The forthcoming and more detailed Socio-economic Report will feature an in-depth analysis of living conditions in Myanmar..."
Source/publisher:
World Bank
Date of publication:
2019-06-26
Date of entry/update:
2019-07-09
Grouping:
Individual Documents
Category:
World Bank Group - Burma/Myanmar, Sustainable agriculture - Burma/Myanmar, Food Security in Burma/Myanmar - web searches, specialised groups, reports and statistics, Sustainable/alternative development in and for Burma
Language:
Format :
pdf pdf
Size:
6.77 MB 1.1 MB
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